The Effects of Growth Performance and Organosomatic Indices of Atlantic Salmon Juvenile by Using Different Carbohydrate-to-Lipid Ratios in Feeds

Jinghui Li¹, Lin Ma², Zhenyan Cheng¹, Dongqing Bai¹, Xiuting Qiao¹, Jinhui Sun^1*

¹Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China.
²Tianjin Fishery Research Institute, Tianjin, China.

DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2015.34C003                

Abstract

The effect of different carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios in feeds on the growth performance and organosomatic indices of Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar, was determined in this experiment. Four iso- energetic feeds were manufactured with increasing carbohydrate level (18%, 21%, 14%, 26%). Lipid level was decreasing from 14% to 11% for each diet for energetic balance. Fish were reared in triplicate tanks for each diet treatment for 49 days. The diet which contained 26% carbohydrate and 11% lipid provided the highest specific growth rate (SGR = 0.66% ± 0.04% per day) to the fish. However, the feed efficiency (FER) ranked from 0.71 to 0.91 had no significant differences between diets. Similarly, the values of condition index (K), relative gut length (RGL) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) had no significant differences between groups. The relationship between liver and carcass weight showed that with the increasing of fish carcass weight, the liver weight increased. According to this experiment, it suggests that based on an optimum level of carbohydrate in diet, the juvenile salmon has a better growth fed by a diet with a higher carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio.

Keywords

Atlantic Salmon, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Growth Performance, Organosomatic Indices

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Wilson, R.P. (1994) Utilization of Dietary Carbohydrate by Fish. Aquaculture, 124, 67-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90363-8
[2]	Krogdahl, ?., Sundby, A. and Olli, J. J. (2004) Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Digest and Metabolize Nutrients Differently. Effects of Water Salinity and Dietary Starch Level. Aquaculture, 229, 335-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00396-X
[3]	Bergot, F. (1979) Carbohydrate in Rainbow Trout Diets: Effects of the Level and Source of Carbohydrate and the Number of Meals on Growth and Body Composition. Aquaculture, 18, 157-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(79)90028-0
[4]	Moreira, I. S., Peres, H., Couto, A., Enes, P. and Oliva-Teles, A.(2008) Temperature and Dietary Carbohydrate Level Effects on Performance and Metabolic Utilisation of Diets in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles. Aquaculture, 274, 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.016
[5]	Dias, J., Rueda-Jasso, R., Panserat, S., da Concei??o, L.E.C., Gomes, E.F. and Dinis, M.T. (2004) Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate-to-Lipid Ratios on Growth, Lipid Deposition and Metabolic Hepatic Enzymes in Juvenile Senegalese Sole (Soleasenegalensis Kaup). Aquacult. Res., 35, 1122-1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01135.x
[6]	Guerreiro, I., Peres, H., Castro, C., Pérez-Jiménez, A., Ca-stro-Cunha, M. and Oliva-Teles, A. (2012) Water Temperature Does Not Affect Protein Sparing by Dietary Carbohy-drate in Senegalese Sole (Solea senegalensis) Juveniles. Aquacult. Res., 1-10.
[7]	Glencross, B.D., Booth, M. and Allan, G.L. (2007) A Feed Is Only as Good as Its Ingredients—A Review of Ingredient Evaluation Strategies for Aq-uaculture Feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition, 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00450.x
[8]	Kaushik, S.J. (1998) Nutritional Bioenergetics and Estimation of Waste Production in Non-Salmonids. Aquat. Living Resour, 11, 311-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89003-7
[9]	Grisdale-Helland, B. and Helland, S.J. (1997) Replacement of Protein by Fat and Carbohydrate in Diets for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at the End of the Freshwater Stage. Aqua-culture, 152, 167-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00003-3
[10]	Hemre, G.I., Sandnes, K., Lie, ?., Torrissen, O. and Waagb?, R. (1995) Carbohydrate Nutrition in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.: Growth and Feed Utilization. Aquacult. Res. 26, 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1995.tb00896.x
[11]	Oliva-Teles, A. (2012) Nutrition and Health of Aquaculture Fish. J. Fish Dis, 35, 83-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.x
[12]	Stone, D.A.J. (2003) Dietary Carbohydrate Utilization by Fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11, 337-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641260390260884
[13]	Amin, M.N. (2013) Protein and Energy Nutrition of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814). Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/17062/1/Whole-Amin-_Thesis_-_July_2013.pdf
[14]	Wee, K.L. (1992) An Overview of Fish Digestive Physiology and the Relevance to the Formulation of Artificial Fish Feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition Workshop, 17-24.
[15]	Hemre, G.I., Mommsen, T.P. and Krogdahl, ?. (2002) Carbohydrates in Fish Nutrition: Effects on Growth, Glucose Metabolism and Hepatic Enzymes. Aquacult. Nutr, 8, 175-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00200.x