Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Justice and Work-Related Outcomes among Health-Care Professionals

Abstract

The notion of the fairness or justice has become an increasingly important construct in behaviour and management over the last two decades because of its serious personal and organizational consequences. Despite considerable research on job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees, various types and forms of employees’ justice perceptions have not been adequately examined. Studies of organizational justice in the area of health-care professionals are especially limited in the Indian setting. Because of higher expectations and demands on Indian hospitals, the issues of organizational justice and its associated work-related outcomes are quite relevant to employees working in them. With this background, the purpose of present study is to examine and compare the influence of different dimensions of organizational justice (of distributive, procedural, interpersonal (or relational), and informational justice) on work-related outcomes of job satisfaction and organizational commitment with special reference of healthcare professionals. Participants of the present study consisted of 100 health-care professional working in a government hospitals located in Varanasi (U.P., India). They were classified into three ranks: Doctors (N = 36), Nurses (N = 44), and Technicians and Hospital Administrative Staff (N = 20) and were mainly recruited from four major clinical departments—cardiology, gastroenterology, obstetrics & gynecology, and ENT. The statistical analyses of data included the descriptive statistics, coefficient of correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. The results of regression analysis revealed that among the four dimensions of justice, only procedural justice and relational justice significantly positively predicted job satisfaction of employees. Distributive and informational justice did not predict job satisfaction. Findings further indicated that informational justice was the only dimension that had significantly and positively predicted organizational commitment. Despite the significant zero-order correlations, distributive, procedural, interpersonal or relational justice did not predict organizational commitment. Implications of the study and avenues for future research were discussed.

Share and Cite:

Srivastava, U. (2015) Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Justice and Work-Related Outcomes among Health-Care Professionals. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 5, 666-685. doi: 10.4236/ajibm.2015.511067.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Cohen-Charash, Y. and Spector, P.E. (2001) The Role of Justice in Organization: A Meta-Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2958
[2] Cropanzano, R. and Schminke, M. (2001) Using Social Justice to Build Effective Work Groups. In: Turner, M., Ed., Groups at Work: Advances in Theory and Research, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 143-171.
[3] Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M. and Helkama, K. (2001) Organizational Justice Evaluations, Job Control and Occupational Strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 418-424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.418
[4] Colquitt, J.A., Conlon, D.E., Wesson, M.J., Porter, C.O.L.H. and Ng, K.Y. (2001) Justice at the Millennium: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-445.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
[5] Colquitt, J.A. and Greenberg, J. (2003) Organizational Justice: A Fair Assessment of the State of the Literature. In: Greenberg, J., Ed., Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Inc., Mahwah, 165-210.
[6] Ebeulin, R.J. and Tatum, B.C. (2008) Making Just Decisions: Organizational Justice, Decision Making, and Leadership. Management Decision, 46, 310-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740810854177
[7] Bolat, O.Í. (2010) The Relationships between Leader-Member Exchange and Organizational Justice in Hotels. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 26, 115-125.
[8] Adams, J.S. (1963) Toward an Understanding of Inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422-436.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040968
[9] Cropanzano, R. and Greenberg, J. (1997) Progress in Organizational Justice: Tunneling through the Maze. In: Cooper, C.L. and Robertson, I.T., Eds., International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 12, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 317-372.
[10] Greenberg, J. (1990) Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600208
[11] Lind, E.A. (2001) Fairness Heuristic Theory: Justice Judgments as Pivotal Cognitions in Organizational Relations. In: Greenberg, J. and Cropanzano, R., Eds., Advances in Organizational Justice, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 56-88.
[12] Van den Bos, K. (2001) Uncertainty Management: The Influence of Uncertainty Salience on Reactions to Perceived Procedural Fairness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 931-941.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.931
[13] Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z.S., Bobocel, D.R. and Rupp, D.R. (2001) Moral Virtues, Fairness Heuristics, Social Entities, and Other Denizens of Organizational Justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 164-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1791
[14] Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., Mohler, C.J. and Schminke, M. (2001) Three Roads to Organizational Justice. In: Ferris, J., Ed., Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 20, JAI Press, Greenwich, 1-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0742-7301(01)20001-2
[15] Folger, R. (1998) Fairness as Moral Virtue. In: Schminke, M., Ed., Managerial Ethics: Moral Management of People and Processes, Erlbaum, MahWah, 13-34.
[16] Erdogan, B., Liden, R.C. and Kraimer, M.L. (2006) The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 395-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786086
[17] Lind, E.A. and Tyler, T.R. (1988) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. Plenum Press, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2115-4
[18] Moorman, R.H. (1991) Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Do Fairness Perceptions Influence Employee Citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.845
[19] Heponiemi, T., Elovainio, M., Laine, J., Pekkarinen, L., Eccles, M., Noro, A., Soveri, F.H. and Sinervo, T. (2007) Productivity and Employees’ Organizational Justice Perceptions in Long-Term Care for the Elderly. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 498-507.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20205
[20] Foster, R.D. (2010) Resistance, Justice, and Commitment to Change. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 21, 3-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20035
[21] Moore, B.J. (1978) Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. M. E. Sharpe, White Plains.
[22] Okun, A.M. (1975) Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff. Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
[23] Folger, R. and Konovsky, M.A. (1989) Effects of Procedural and Distributive Justice Reactions to Pay Raise Decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 115-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256422
[24] McFarlin, D.B. and Sweeney, P.D. (1992) Distributive and Procedural Justice as Predictors of Satisfaction with Personal and Organizational Outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 626-637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256489
[25] Martinson, B.C., Anderson, M.S., Crain, A.L. and De Vries, R. (2006) Scientists’ Perceptions of Organizational Justice and Self-Reported Misbehaviors. Journal of Empirical Research and Human Research Ethics, 1, 51-66.
[26] Admas, J.S. (1965) Inequity in Social Exchange. In: Berkowitz, L., Ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 2, Academic Press, New York, 267-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60108-2
[27] Mowday, R.T. (1967) Equity Theory: Predictions of Behavior in Organizations. In: Steers, R.M. and Porter, L.W., Eds., Motivation & Work Behavior, 4th Edition, Mcgraw-Hill, New York, 89-110.
[28] Brockner, J. and Wiesenfeld, B.M. (1996) An Integrative Framework for Explaining Reactions to Decisions: Interactive Effects of Outcomes and Procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 189-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.189
[29] Colquitt, J.A. (2001) On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386-400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386
[30] Barling, J. and Phillips, M. (1993) Interactional, Formal, and Distributive Justice in the Workplace: An Exploratory Study. The Journal of Psychology, 127, 649-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1993.9914904
[31] Aquino, K. (1995) Relationships among Pay Inequity, Perceptions of Procedural Justice, and Organizational Citizenship. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 8, 21-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02621253
[32] Skarlicki, D.P. and Folger, R. (1997) Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.434
[33] Alexander, S. and Ruderman, M. (1987) The Role of Procedural and Distributive Justice in Organizational Behavior. Social Justice Research, 1, 177-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048015
[34] Gilliland, S.W. (1994) Effects of Procedural and Distributive Justice on Reactions to a Selection System. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 691-701.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.5.691
[35] Sweeney, P.D. and McFarlin, D.B. (1993) Workers’ Evaluations of the “Ends” and the “Means”: An Examination of Four Models of Distributive and Procedural Justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, 23-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1022
[36] Byrne, Z.S. and Cropanzano, R. (2001) The History of Organizational Justice: The Founders Speak. In: Cropanzano, R., Ed., Justice in the Workplace: From Theory to Practice, Vol. 2, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, 3-26.
[37] Lazarus, R.S. and Launier, R. (1978) Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment. In: Pervin, L.A. and Lewis, M., Eds., Perspectives in Interactional Psychology, Plenum, New York, 287-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3997-7_12
[38] Thibaut, J. and Walker, L. (1975) Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale.
[39] Lind, E.A. (1995) Justice and Authority Relations in Organizations. In: Cropanzano, R.S. and Kacmar, K.M., Eds., Organizational Politics, Justice, and Support: Managing the Social Climate of the Workplace, Quorum Books, Westport, 83-96.
[40] Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R.A. (1998) Procedural Justice, Strategic Decision Making, and the Knowledge Economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 323-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199804)19:4<323::AID-SMJ976>3.0.CO;2-F
[41] Leventhal, G.S. (1980) What Should Be Done with Equity Theory? In: Gergen, K.J., Greenberg, M.S. and Willis, R.H., Eds., Social Exchanges: Advances in Theory and Research, Plenum, New York, 27-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2
[42] Brockner, J. (1994) Perceived Fairness and Survivors Reactions to Layoffs, or How Downsizing Organizations Can Do Well by Doing Good. Social Justice Research, 7, 345-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02334861
[43] Masterson, S.S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B.M. and Taylor, M.S. (2000) Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Procedures and Treatment of Work Relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 738-748.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556364
[44] Rupp, D.E. and Cropanzano, R. (2002) The Mediating Effects of Social Exchange Relationships in Predicting Workplace Outcomes from Multifoci Organizational Justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 925-946.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00036-5
[45] Lavelle, J.J., Brockner, J., Konovsky, M.A., Price, K.H., Henley, A.B., Taneja, A. and Vinekar, V. (2009) Commitment, Procedural Fairness, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Multifoci Analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 337-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.518
[46] Janssens, M., Sels, L. and Van den Brande, I. (2003) Multiple Types of Psychological Contracts: A Six-Cluster Solution. Human Relations, 56, 1349-1378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00187267035611004
[47] Kickul, L. and Liao-Troth, M.A. (2003) The Meaning behind the Message: Climate Perceptions and the Psychological Contract. Mid-American Journal of Business, 18, 23-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/19355181200300009
[48] Bies, R.J. and Moag, J.S. (1986) Interactional Justice: Communication Criteria for Justice. In: Sheppard, B., Ed., Research on Negotiation in Organizations, Volume 1, JAI Press, Greenwich, 43-55.
[49] Cropanzano, R. and Mitchell, M.S. (2005) Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
[50] Tata, J. and Bowes-Sperry, L. (1996) Emphasis on Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice: Differential Perceptions of Men and Women. Psychological Reports, 79, 1327-1330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1327
[51] Niehof, B.P. and Moorman, R.H. (1993) Justice as a Moderator of the Relationship between Methods of Monitoring and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Leadership of Management Journal, 36, 527-556.
[52] Greenberg, J. (1996) The Quest for Justice on the Job. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[53] Greenberg, J. (1993) Stealing in the Name of Justice: Informational and Interpersonal Moderators of Theft Reactions to Underpayment Inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 81-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1004
[54] Greenberg, J. (1993) The Social Side of Fairness: Interpersonal and Informational Classes of Organizational Justice. In: Cropanzano, R., Ed., Justice in the Workplace: Approaching Fairness in Human Resource Management, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, 79-103.
[55] Bies, R.J. (2001) International (In)justice: The Sacred and the Profane. In: Greenberg, J. and Cropanzano, R., Eds., Advances in Organization Justice, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, 89-118.
[56] Chory-Assad, R.M. (2002) Classroom Justice: Perceptions of Fairness as a Predictor of Student Motivation, Learning, and Aggression. Communication Quarterly, 50, 58-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463370209385646
[57] Chory-Assad, R.M. and Paulsel, M.L. (2004) Classroom Justice: Student Aggression and Resistance as Reactions to Perceived Unfairness. Communication Education, 53, 253-273.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0363452042000265189
[58] Lock, A.E. (1996) What Is Job Satisfaction? Organization Behavior and Human Performance. Academy of Management, 4, 309-414.
[59] Yang, S.-B., Brown, G.C. and Moon, B. (2011) Factors Leading to Corrections Officers Job Satisfaction. Public Personnel Management, 40, 359-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102601104000407
[60] Locke, E.A. (1976) The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In: Dunnette, M.D., Ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, McGraw Hill, New York, 1297-1349.
[61] Spector, P.E. (1997) Job satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[62] Luthans, F. (1998) Organizational Behavior. 8th Edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston.
[63] Greenberg, J. and Baron, R.A. (2000) Behavior in Organizations. Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
[64] Kleinman, G., Siegel, P.H. and Eckstein, C. (2001) Mentoring and Learning: The Case of CPA Firms. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22, 22-34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730110380192
[65] Limerick, D., Cunnington, B. and Crowther, F. (1998) Managing the New Organization. Business & Professional Publishing, Sydney.
[66] Nadler, D. (1997) Champions of Change. Jossey-Bass, New York.
[67] Mowday, R.T. (1998) Reflections on the Study and Relevance of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 8, 387-401.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00006-6
[68] Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T. and Boulian, P.V. (1974) Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
[69] Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1991) A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
[70] Duham, R., Grube, J. and Castaneda, M. (1994) Organizational Commitment, the Unity of an Integrative Definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 370-380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370
[71] Adams, K.L., Daley, D.O., Qiu, Y.-L., Whelan, J. and Palmer, J.D. (2000) Repeated, Recent and Diverse Transfers of a Mitochondrial Gene to the Nucleus in Flowering Plants. Nature, 408, 354-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35042567
[72] Arnetz, J.E. and Arnetz, B.B. (2000) Implementation and Evaluation of a Practical Intervention Programme for Dealing with Violence towards Health Care Workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 668-680.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01322.x
[73] Mathieu, J.E. and Zajac, D.M. (1990) A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171
[74] Angel, H.L. and Perry, J.L. (1981) An Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392596
[75] Riordan, C.M., Griffith, R.W. and Weatherly, E.W. (2003) Age and Work-Related Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Status Characteristics. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 37-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02072.x
[76] Iqbal, A. (2010) An Empirical Assessment of Demographic Factors, Organizational Ranks and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business and Management, 5, 16-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n3p16
[77] DeCotiis, T.A. and Summers, T.P. (1987) A Path Analysis of a Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Human Relations, 40, 445-470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678704000704
[78] Mottaz, C.J. (1988) Determinants of Organizational Commitment. Human Relations, 41, 467-482.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678804100604
[79] Sikorska-Simmons, E. (2005) Predictors of Organizational Commitment among Staff in Assisted Living. The Gerontologist, 45, 196-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.196
[80] Salancik, G. (1977) Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief. In: Staw, B. and Salancik, G., Eds., New Directions in Organizational Behavior, St. Clair Press, Chicago, 1-54.
[81] Lim, T. (2003) Relationship among Organizational Commitment, Learning Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction in One Korean Private Organization. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, Article ID: 2008A.
[82] Folger, R. and Cropanzano, R. (1998) Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[83] Meyer, J. and Allen, N. (1997) Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
[84] Andrew, E.C. (1996) Job Satisfaction. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 7, 189-216.
[85] Nadiri, H. and Tanova, C. (2010) An Investigation of the Role of Justice in Turnover Intentions, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 33-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.001
[86] Hull, K. (1999) The Paradox of the Contented Female Lawyer. Law and Society Review, 33, 687-702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115108
[87] Okpara, J.O. (2004) Personal Characteristics as Predictors of Job Satisfaction. Information Technology & People, 17, 327-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840410554247
[88] Rose, M. (2005) Job Satisfaction in Britain: Coping with Complexity. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 43, 455-467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2005.00364.x
[89] Gurbuz, A. (2007) An Assessment on the Effect of Education Level on the Job Satisfaction from the Tourism Sector Point of View. Master’s Thesis, Dogus üniversitesi Dergisi, Dergi adi.
[90] Meagan, S., Kirk, A.S. and Walter, N.T. (2005) The Relationship between Selected Demographic Factors and the Level of Job Satisfaction of Extension Agents. Journal of Southern Agriculture Education Research, 55, 102-114.
[91] Lee, R. and Wilbur, E.R. (1985) Age, Education, Job Tenure, Salary, Job Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction: A Multivariate Analysis. Human Relations, 38, 781-791.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678503800806
[92] Huey, J.D. (2003) The Influence of Family Responsive Practices on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Intentions to Turnover for Working Women with Children. International Dissertation.
[93] Brown, G., Gardner, J., Oswald, A. and Qian, J. (2007) Does Wage Rank Affect Employees’ Well-Being? Industrial Relations, 47, 355-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00525.x
[94] Shields, M.A. and Ward, M. (2001) Improving Nurse Retention in the National Health Service in England: The Impact of Job Satisfaction on Intentions to Quit. Journal of Health Economics, 20, 677-701.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00092-3
[95] Bender, K.A. and Heywood, J.S. (2006) Job Satisfaction of the Highly Educated: The Role of Gender, Academic Tenure and Comparison Income. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 53, 253-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2006.00379.x
[96] Scott, M., Swortzel, K.A. and Taylor, W.N. (2005) The Relationships between Selected Demographic Factors and the Level of Job Satisfaction of Extension Agents. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 55, 102-115.
http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jsaer/pdf/Vol55/55-01-102.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.03002
[97] Cano, J. and Miller, G. (1992) A Gender Analysis of Job Satisfaction, Job Satisfier Factors, and Job Dissatisfier Factors of Agricultural Education Teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 33, 40-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.1992.02040
[98] Colquitt, J., Greenberg, J. and Zapata-Phelan, C.P. (2005) What Is Organizational Justice? A Historical Overview. In: Greenberg, J. and Colquitt, J., Eds., Handbook of Organizational Justice, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 3-56.
[99] Goodman, P.S. and Friedman, A. (1971) An Examination of Adams’ Theory of Inequality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 271-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2391900
[100] Parker, C.P., Battes, B.B. and Christiansen, N.D. (1997) Support for Affirmative Action, Justice Perceptions, and Work Attitudes: A Study of Gender and Racial-Ethnic Group Differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 376-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.376
[101] Cowherd, D.M. and Levine, D.I. (1992) Product Quality and Pay Equity between Lower-Level Employees and Top Management: An Investigation of Distributive Justice Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 302-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393226
[102] Pfeffer, J. and Langton, N. (1993) The Effect of Wage Dispersion on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Working Collaboratively: Evidence from College and University Faculty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 382-407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393373
[103] Cropanzano, R. and Folger, R. (1991) Procedural Justice and Worker Motivation. In: Steers, R.M. and Porter, L.W., Eds., Motivation and Work Behavior, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 131-143.
[104] Skarlicki, D.P., Folger, R.G. and Tesluk, P. (1999) Personality as a Moderator in the Relationship between Fairness and Retaliation. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 100-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256877
[105] Mossholder, K.W., Bennett, N. and Martin, C.L. (1998) A Multilevel Analysis of Procedural Justice Context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 131-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199803)19:2<131::AID-JOB878>3.0.CO;2-P
[106] Konovsky, M.A. and Cropanzano, R. (1991) Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 698-707.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.698
[107] Taylor, M.S., Tracy, K.B., Renard, M.K., Harrison, J.K. and Carroll, S.J. (1995) Due Process in Performance Appraisal: A Quasi-Experiment in Procedural Justice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 495-523.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393795
[108] Cobb, A.T. and Frey, F.M. (1996) The Effects of Leader Fairness and Pay Outcomes on Superior/Subordinate Relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1401-1426.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00078.x
[109] Nadler, D.A. and Lawler III, E.E. (2007) Motivation: A Diagnostic Approach. In: Osland, J.S., Turner, M.E., Kolb, D.A. and Rubin, I.M., Eds., The Organizational Behavior Reader, 8th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 171-180.
[110] Organ, D.W. (1988) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, Lexington Books.
[111] Leventhal, G.S., Karuza, J. and Fry, W.R. (1980) Beyond Fairness: A Theory of Allocation Preferences. In: Milkula, G., Ed., Justice and Social Interaction, Springer-Verlag, New York, 167-218.
[112] Greenberg, J. (1986) Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 340-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.2.340
[113] Sheppard, B., Lewicki, R. and Minton, J. (1992) Organizational Justice: The Search for Fairness in the Workplace. Lexington Books, New York.
[114] Iqbal, K. (2013) Determinants of Organizational Justice and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction: A Pakistan Base Survey. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2, 48-56.
[115] Sareshkeh, S.K., Ghaziani, F.G. and Tayebi, S.M. (2012) Impact of Organizational Justice Perception on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: The Iranian Sports Federation Perspective. Annals of Biological Research, 3, 4229-4238.
[116] Elovainio, M., Kivimaki, M. and Vahtera, J. (2002) Organizational Justice: Evidence of a New Psychosocial Predictor of Health. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 105-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.1.105
[117] Shapiro, D.L., Buttner, E.H. and Barry, B. (1994) Explanations: What Factors Enhance Their Perceived Accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58, 346-368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1041
[118] Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M. and Porter, L. (1979) The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1
[119] Brayfield, A.H. and Rothe, H.F. (1951) An Index of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0055617
[120] Judge, T.A., Ilies, R. and Scott, B.A. (2006) Work-Family Conflict and Emotions: Effects at Work and at Home. Personnel Psychology, 59, 779-814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00054.x
[121] Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E. and Locke, E.A. (2000) Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.237
[122] Nifadkar, R.S. and Dongre, A.P. (2014) To Study the Impact of Job Satisfaction and Demographic Factors on Organizational Commitment among Girls’ College, Pune. India Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 3, 1-8.
[123] Chughtai, A.A. and Zafar, S. (2006) Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment among Pakistani University Teachers. Applied HRM Research, 11, 39-64.
[124] Yoon, J.K. (1996) Fairness Issues and Job Satisfaction among Korean Employees: The Significance of Status and Procedural Justice in Work Orientation. Social Justice Research, 9, 121-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198076
[125] Rivai, H.A. (2005) An Empirical Test of the Impacts of Organizational Justice, Job Satisfaction and Commitment on Turnover Intent and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The Asian Academy of Applied Business, 2, 278-292.
[126] Imberman, M.D. (2009) Organizational Change and Organizational Justice: Assessing the Impact on Organizational Commitment, Change Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Attitude toward Future Change. PhD Dissertation, Alliant International University, Los Angeles.
[127] Lavelle, J.J., Rupp, D.E. and Brockner, J. (2007) Taking a Multifoci Approach to the Study of Justice, Social Exchange, and Citizenship Behavior: The Target Similarity Model. Journal of Management, 33, 841-866.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307307635
[128] Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H. and Tetrick, L.E. (2002) The Role of Fair Treatment and Rewards in Perceptions of Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.590

Journals Menu
Follow SCIRP
Contact us
customer@scirp.org
WhatsApp +86 18163351462(WhatsApp)
Click here to send a message to me 1655362766
Paper Publishing WeChat

Copyright © 2022 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.