Metabolic Syndrome and Pregnancy, Its Prevalence, Obstetrical and Newborns Complications

Hamilton dos Prazeres Tavares; Mariana Alvarez Arantes; Suelma Beatriz Marques Prata Tavares; Joelcio Francisco Abbade; D. C. D. Meirelles dosDébora Cristina Damasceno Meirelles dos Santos; Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon; Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge

doi:10.4236/ojog.2015.511087

Home > Journals > Medicine & Healthcare > OJOG

Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecolog... > Vol.5 No.11, September 2015

Metabolic Syndrome and Pregnancy, Its Prevalence, Obstetrical and Newborns Complications ()

Hamilton dos Prazeres Tavares^1*, Mariana Alvarez Arantes¹, Suelma Beatriz Marques Prata Tavares², Joelcio Francisco Abbade³, D. C. D. Meirelles dosDébora Cristina Damasceno Meirelles dos Santos⁴, Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon⁵, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge⁵

¹PhD Student in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology at the Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Paulista State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
²Medical Specialist in Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Boss of Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Municipal Hospital of Huambo, Huambo, Angola.
³Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Paulista State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
⁴PhD, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Paulista State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
⁵Full Professor of Obstetrics in Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Paulista State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2015.511087 PDF HTML XML 4,240 Downloads 5,091 Views Citations

Abstract

Background: The metabolic syndrome affects more and more global people. Although it shows increasing prevalence in general population, the syndrome affects more women than men, what makes its risk of being developed during pregnancy period. Also, possible perinatal adverse effects are always lurking. Objective: the objective was demonstrated what’s new in literature on metabolic syndrome and pregnancy. Methods: A literature review was performed to extract the articles published on metabolic syndrome and pregnancy, its prevalence, obstetrical complications and its perinatal adverse effects. This review was conducted by online researching in PubMed, Lilacs, Medline, Embase, Scopus, Medscape, Libertas Academica and CINAHL database, Science database and also by researches in books. 27 selected articles on metabolic syndrome after this research were all published between 1988 and 2015. Results: Among those 27 articles and two books studied, SM rate in obstetric population ranged from 3% to 42% depending on the previously manifested components of the syndrome, age and region. Women with previously manifested components showed more adverse perinatal effects. Conclusion: Women with pregestational DM or SM and SM develop more during pregnancy, obstetric complications and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Keywords

Metabolic Syndrome, Pregnancy, Adverse, Perinatal Outcomes

Share and Cite:

Tavares, H. , Arantes, M. , Tavares, S. , Abbade, J. , Santos, D. , Calderon, I. and Rudge, M. (2015) Metabolic Syndrome and Pregnancy, Its Prevalence, Obstetrical and Newborns Complications. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5, 618-625. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2015.511087.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Hajian-Tilaki, K. (2015) Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Risk Factors in Iranian Adults: A Systematic Review. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 6, 51-61.
[2]	Reaven, G.M. (1988) Banting Lecture 1988. Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease. Diabetes, 37, 1595-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.37.12.1595
[3]	Moodley, J. (2011) Potentially Increasing Rates of Hypertension in Women of Childbearing Age and during Pregnancy – Be Prepared! Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 22, 330-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2010-074
[4]	Okafor Christian, I. (2012) Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome—Emerging Data from Africa. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16, 56-66.
[5]	Balkau, B., Charles, M.A., Drivsholm, T., et al. (2002) Frequency of the WHO Metabolic Syndrome in European Cohorts, and an Alternative Definition of an Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Diabetes & Metabolism, 28, 364-376.
[6]	Panagiotakos, D.B., Pitsavos, C., Das, U.N., et al. (2007) The Implications of Anthropometric, Inflammatory and glycaemic control Indices in the Epidemiology of the Metabolic Syndrome Given by Different Definitions: A Classification Analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 9, 660-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00640.x
[7]	Kahn, R., Buse, J., Ferrannini, E., et al. (2005) The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal: Joint Statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 2289-2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.9.2289
[8]	Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285, 2486-2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
[9]	National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panelon Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Publication No. 01-3670, May 2001 www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/.../atp3xsum.pdf
[10]	Grundy, S.M., Brewer Jr., H.B., Cleeman, J.I., et al. (2004) Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation, 109, 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6
[11]	Hajian-Tilaki, K. (2015) Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Risk Factors in Iranian Adults: A Systematic Review. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 6, 51-61.
[12]	Magalhaes, P., Capingana, D.P. and Mill, J.G. (2014) Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Determination of Optimal Cut-Off Values of Waist Circumference in University Employees from Angola. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 25, No. 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2013-086
[13]	Kassi, E., Pervanidou, P., Kaltsas, G. and Chrousos, G. (2011) Metabolic Syndrome: Definitions and Controversies. BMC Medicine, 9, 48.
[14]	Ford, E.S., Giles, W.H. and Dietz, W.H. (2002) Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome among US Adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 356-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.3.356
[15]	Bartha, J.L., Bugatto, F.G., Macías, R.F., González, N.L., Delgado, R.C. and Vivancos, B.H. (2008) Metabolic Syndrome in Normal and Complicated Pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 137, 178-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.06.011
[16]	Retnakaran, R., Qi, Y., Sermer, M., Connelly, P.W., Zinman, B. and Hanley, A.J.G. (2008) Isolated Hyperglycemia at 1 Hour on Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy Resembles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Predicting Postpartum Metabolic Dysfunction. http://care.diabetesjournals.org
[17]	Teixeira, C.S.M. (2009) Metabolic Syndrome in Pregnancy as Predictor of Adverse Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes. Dissertation (Master in Medicine), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal. http://www.icbas.up.pt/biblioteca/images/.../boletim%20bibliogrfico03.pdf
[18]	Chatzi, L., Plana, E., Daraki, V., Karakosta, P., Alegkakis, D., Tsatsanis, C., Kafatos, A., Koutis, A. and Kogevinas, M. (2009) Metabolic Syndrome in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170, 829-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp211
[19]	Chatzi, L., Plana, E., Pappas, A., Alegkakis, D., Karakosta, P., Daraki, V., Vassilaki, M., Tsatsanis, C., Koutis, A. and Kogevinas, M. (2009) The Metabolic Syndrome in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism, 35, 490-494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2009.07.003
[20]	Bartha, J.L., Marín-Segura, P., Gonzáles, N.L., Wagner, F., Aguilar-Diosdado, M. and Hervias-Vivancos, B. (2007) Ultrasound Evaluation of Visceral Fat and Metabolic Ris Factors during Early Pregnancy. Obesity, 15, 2233-2239.
[21]	Bartha, J.L., Bugatto, F.G., Macías, R.F., González, N.L., Delgado, R.C. and Vivancos, B.H. (2008) Metabolic Syndrome in Normal and Complicated Pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 137, 178-184.
[22]	Negrato, C.A., Jovanovic, L., Tambascia, M.A., Calderon Ide, M., Geloneze, B., Dias, A., et al. (2008) Mild Gestational Hyperglycaemia as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome in Pregnancy and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 24, 324-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.815
[23]	BO, S., Menato, G., Gallo, M.L., Bardelli, C., Lezo, A., Signorile, A., et al. (2004) Mild Gestational Hyperglycemia, the Metabolic Syndrome and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 83, 335-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00314.x
[24]	Noussitou, P., Monbaron, D., Vial, Y., Gaillard, R.C. and Ruiz, J. (2005) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Population-Based Study in Lausanne, Switzerland. Diabetes & Metabolism, 31, 361-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70205-7
[25]	Nicholl, A., du Heaume, M., Mori, T.A., Beilin, L.J., Oddy, W.H., Bremner, A.P. and O’Sullivan, T.A. (2014) Higher Breakfast Glycaemic Load Is Associated with Increased Metabolic Syndrome Risk, Including Lower HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations and Increased TAG Concentrations, in Adolescent Girls. Journal of Nutrition, 20, 1-10.
[26]	Drebes, C., Hentschke, M., Cioffi, L., Furlanetti, T., da Costa, B.E.P., de Figueiredo, C.E.P. and Gadonski, G. (2014) Hypertensive Disease Pregnancy and Metabolic Syndrome: Disponivel Metoprolol. www.pucrs.br/./70586-CHRISTIANVALMORENGSTERDREBES.pdf
[27]	Al-Nasiry, S., Ghossein-Doha, C., Polman, S., Lemmens, S., Scholten, R., Heidema, W., Spaan, J. and Spaanderman, M. (2014) Metabolic Syndrome after Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Eclampsia or Small for Gestational Age: A Retrospective Cohort. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 47, 54-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13117
[28]	Liu, J., Laditka, J.N., Mayer-Davis, E.J. and Pate, E.R. (2008) Does Physical Activity during Pregnancy Reduce the Risk Gestacional Diabetes among Previously Inactive Women? Birth, 35, 188-195.
[29]	Hou, R.L., Jin, W.Y., Chen, X.Y., Jin, Y., Wang, X.M., Shao, J. and Zhao, Z.Y. (2014) Cord blood C-Peptide, Insulin, HbA1c, and Lipids Levels in Small- and Large-for-Gestational-Age Newborns. Medical Science Monitor, 20, 2097-2105.
[30]	Knopp, R.H. (1997) Hormone-Mediated Changes in Nutrient Metabolism in Pregnancy: A Physiological Basis for Normal Fetal Development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 817, 251-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48212.x
[31]	Montenegro, Barbosa, C.A., Filho, R. and de Rezende, J. (2008) Fundamental Obstetrics. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, 550-607.
[32]	Gaspar, C.N. and do Nascimento, M. de J.P. (2004) Effects of Maternal Diabetes for Newborn. Nursing Journal, UNISA, 5, 57-61.
[33]	Maganra, A.C. (2002) Diabetes Repercussion in the Fetus and New-Born. Brazilian Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 13, 158-162.
[34]	Maganha, C.A., Vanni, D.G.B.S., Bernardini, M.A. and Zugaib, M. (2003) Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association, 49, 330-334.