In-Situ Hydroelectrothermal Deposition of Silicate Layers on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Jaybalan Tamahrajah, Axel Brehm

Department of Technical Chemistry, CvO University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.

DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2015.59038                

Abstract

The deposition of zeolites on solid support materials is possible by means of electrochemical methods, impregnation processes, as well as in-situ syntheses. Electrochemical deposition of zeolites has been reported as well, however with readily synthesized zeolite structures. Adhesive deposition of zeolites on stainless steel (S316) has been reported. This report investigates the feasibility of the deposition of silicates by in-situ hydroelectrothermal means. The investigation was done in aqueous solutions of pH = 7 to 13 at different temperatures (25°C to 70°C) by linear sweep method. Deposition was done at a saturated H₂ atmosphere to ensure prior deposition of thin iron oxide film on the surface and formation of Fe-O-Si-linkages. This was proven by Raman measurement of the samples. Further linear sweep experiments in the presence of silica show monodentate and bidentate Fe-O-Si linkages on the surface, proven by IR-measurements. Presence of dissolved silica was done by UV-Vis with the molybdate yellow method. The best results are achieved at 70°C at pH 13 and ﹣4 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) or 200 mV (vs SHE). Discontinuous homogeneous layers are found on the stainless steel surface observed by SEM, EDX measurements and electrochemical measurements. Layer discontinuties are caused due to low silica concentration at equilibrium hydrothermal conditions, especially in the absence of silicic acid. All results shown are for the best results achieved except for linear sweep measurements and solubility constants of dissolved silica.

Keywords

Hydroelectrothermal Deposition, Silica, Stainless Steel, Silicates, Linear Sweep

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A. and Dutta P.K. (2003) Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York and Basel. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203911167
[2]	Brehm, A. and Zanter, K.D. (2002) Formation of Zeolite (MFI) Layers on Gauze Wire and Arranged Packing Segment. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 25, 917-920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4125(20020910)25:9<917::AID-CEAT917>3.0.CO;2-X
[3]	Browman, M.G., Robinson, R.B. and Reed, G.D. (1989) Silica Polymerization and Other Factors in Iron Control by Sodium-Silicate and Sodium-Hypochlorite Additions. Environmental Science & Technology, 23, 566-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00063a009
[4]	Vasconcelos, D.C.L., Carvalho, J.A.N., Mantel, M. and Vasconcelos, W.L. (2000) Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Coated with Sol-Gel Silica. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 273, 135-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(00)00155-1
[5]	Thim, G.P., Oliveira, M.A.S., Oliveira, E.D.A. and Melo, F.C.L. (2000) Sol-Gel Silica Film Preparation from Aqueous Solutions for Corrosion Protection. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 273, 124-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(00)00125-3
[6]	Russell, J.D. (1979) Infrared Spectroscopy of Ferrihydrite: Evidence for the Presence of Structural Hydroxyl-Groups. Clay Minerals, 14, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1979.014.2.03
[7]	Li, Y.S., Church, J.S. and Woodhead, A.L. (2012) Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Iron Oxide Magnetic Nano-Particles and Their Surface Modifications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 324, 1543-1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.11.065
[8]	Naren, G., Ohashi, H., Okaue, Y. and Yokoyama, T. (2013) Adsorption Kinetics of Silicic Acid on Akaganeite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 399, 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.032
[9]	Hazel, F., Schock, R.U. and Gordon, M. (1949) Interaction of Ferric Ions with Silicic Acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 71, 2256-2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01174a516
[10]	Hansen, H.C.B., Wetche, T.P., Raulundrasmussen, K. and Borggaard, O.K. (1994) Stability-Constants for Silicate Adsorbed to Ferrihydrite. Clay Minerals, 29, 341-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1994.029.3.05
[11]	Hansen, H.C.B., Rabenlange, B., Raulundrasmussen, K. and Borggaard, O.K. (1994) Monosilicate Adsorption by Ferrihydrite and Goethite at pH 3-6. Soil Science, 158, 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199407000-00005
[12]	Swedlund, P.J., Miskelly, G.M. and McQuillan, A.J. (2009) An Attenuated Total Reflectance IR Study of Silicic Acid Adsorbed onto a Ferric Oxyhydroxide Surface. Geo-chimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 4199-4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.04.007
[13]	Swedlund, P.J. and Webster, J.G. (1999) Adsorption and Polymerisation of Silicic Acid on Ferrihydrite, and Its Effect on Arsenic Adsorption. Water Research, 33, 3413-3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00055-X
[14]	Iler, R.K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York.
[15]	Schenk, J.E. and Weber Jr., J.T. (1968) Chemical Interactions of Dissolved Silica with Iron(II) and Iron(III). Journal (American Water Works Association), 60, 199-212.
[16]	Atkins, P.W. and De Paula, J. (2005) The Elements of Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York.
[17]	Kelly, R.G., Scully, J.R., Shoesmith, D.W. and Buchheit, R.G. (2003) Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, Basel.
[18]	Greenberg, S.A. and Price, E.W. (1957) The Solubility of Silica in Solutions of Electrolytes. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 61, 1539-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150557a019
[19]	Elmer, T.H. and Nordberg, M.E. (1958) Solubility of Silica in Nitric Acid Solutions. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 41, 517-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1958.tb12907.x
[20]	Gunnarsson, I. and Arnorsson, S. (2000) Amorphous Silica Solubility and the Thermodynamic Properties of H4SiO°4 Degrees in the Range of 0° to 350°C at Psat. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 2295-2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00426-3
[21]	Landolt, D. (2007) Corrosion and Surface Chemistry of Metals. EPFL Press, Taylor and Francis Group LLC, Lausanne. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439807880
[22]	RRUFF (2015) Hematite Raman Spectral Data. http://rruff.info/Hematite
[23]	RRUFF (2015) Goethite Raman Spectral Data. http://rruff.info/Goethite/R120086