A Review on Extraction of Lakes from Remotely Sensed Optical Satellite Data with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Lakes

Abstract

Water on the Earth’s surface is an essential part of the hydrological cycle. Water resources include surface waters, groundwater, lakes, inland waters, rivers, coastal waters, and aquifers. Monitoring lake dynamics is critical to favor sustainable management of water resources on Earth. In cryosphere, lake ice cover is a robust indicator of local climate variability and change. Therefore, it is necessary to review recent methods, technologies, and satellite sensors employed for the extraction of lakes from satellite imagery. The present review focuses on the comprehensive evaluation of existing methods for extraction of lake or water body features from remotely sensed optical data. We summarize pixel-based, object-based, hybrid, spectral index based, target and spectral matching methods employed in extracting lake features in urban and cryospheric environments. To our knowledge, almost all of the published research studies on the extraction of surface lakes in cryospheric environments have essentially used satellite remote sensing data and geospatial methods. Satellite sensors of varying spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions have been used to extract and analyze the information regarding surface water. Multispectral remote sensing has been widely utilized in cryospheric studies and has employed a variety of electro-optical satellite sensor systems for characterization and extraction of various cryospheric features, such as glaciers, sea ice, lakes and rivers, the extent of snow and ice, and icebergs. It is apparent that the most common methods for extracting water bodies use single band-based threshold methods, spectral index ratio (SIR)-based multiband methods, image segmentation methods, spectral-matching methods, and target detection methods (unsupervised, supervised and hybrid). A Synergetic fusion of various remote sensing methods is also proposed to improve water information extraction accuracies. The methods developed so far are not generic rather they are specific to either the location or satellite imagery or to the type of the feature to be extracted. Lots of factors are responsible for leading to inaccurate results of lake-feature extraction in cryospheric regions, e.g. the mountain shadow which also appears as a dark pixel is often misclassified as an open lake. The methods which are working well in the cryospheric environment for feature extraction or landcover classification does not really guarantee that they will be working in the same manner for the urban environment. Thus, in coming years, it is expected that much of the work will be done on object-based approach or hybrid approach involving both pixel as well as object-based technology. A more accurate, versatile and robust method is necessary to be developed that would work independent of geographical location (for both urban and cryosphere) and type of optical sensor.

Share and Cite:

Jawak, S. , Kulkarni, K. and Luis, A. (2015) A Review on Extraction of Lakes from Remotely Sensed Optical Satellite Data with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Lakes. Advances in Remote Sensing, 4, 196-213. doi: 10.4236/ars.2015.43016.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Chave, P. (2001) The EU Water Framework Directive: An Introduction. IWA Publishing, London, 208.
[2] Gao, H., Birkett, C. and Lettenmaier, D.P. (2012) Global Monitoring of Large Reservoir Storage from Satellite Remote Sensing. Water Resources Research, 48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012063
[3] Bai, J., Chen, X., Li, J., Yang, L. and Fang, H. (2011) Changes in the Area of Inland Lakes in Arid Regions of Central Asia during the Past 30 Years. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178, 247-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1686-y
[4] Deus, D. and Gloaguen, R. (2013) Remote Sensing Analysis of Lake Dynamics in Semi-Arid Regions: Implication for Water Resource Management. Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Northern Tanzania. Water, 5, 698-727.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5020698
[5] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2015) Spectral Information Analysis for the Semiautomatic Derivation of Shallow Lake Bathymetry Using High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery: A Case Study of Antarctic Coastal Oasis. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 1331-1338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.173
[6] Mason, I.M., Guzkowska, M.A.J., Rapley, C.G. and Street-Perrott, F.A. (1994) The Response of Lake Levels and Areas to Climatic Change. Climatic Change, 27, 161-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01093590
[7] Mercier, F., Cazenave, A. and Maheu, C. (2002) Interannual Lake Level Fluctuations (1993-1999) in Africa from Topex/Poseidon: Connections with Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions over the Indian Ocean. Global and Planetary Change, 32, 141-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00139-4
[8] Goerner, A., Jolie, E. and Gloaguen, R. (2009) Non-Climatic Growth of the Saline Lake Beseka, Main Ethiopian Rift. Journal of arid Environments, 73, 287-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.015
[9] Papa, F., Prigent, C. and Rossow, W.B. (2008) Monitoring Flood and Discharge Variations in the Large Siberian Rivers from a Multi-Satellite Technique. Surveys in Geophysics, 29, 297-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-008-9036-0
[10] Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Ekroos, A. and Hallikainen, M. (2004) The Role of Remote Sensing Technology in the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Environmental Science & Policy, 7, 267-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2004.05.002
[11] Christopherson, R.W. (2003) Glacial and Periglacial Processes and Landforms. In: Christopherson, R.W., Ed., Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 519-553.
[12] Lake (2014) New World Encyclopedia.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Lake&oldid=983016
[13] NRSC and ISRO (2013) Glacial Lakes in Uttarakhand—A Remote Sensing Based Inventory. Geosciences Group.
[14] Hu, Z., Gong, H. and Zhu, L. (2007) Fast Flooding Information Extraction in Emergency Response of Flood Disaster. Proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop on Updating Geo-Spatial Databases with Imagery and the 5th ISPRS Workshop on DMGISs, Urumchi, 28-29 August 2007, 173-177.
[15] Yang, C., He, R. and Wang, S. (2008) Extracting Waterbody from Beijing-1 Micro-Satellite Images Based on Knowledge Discovery. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, 7-11 July 2008, 850-853.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779856
[16] Sharma, O., Mioc, D. and Anton, F. (2007) Feature Extraction and Simplification from Colour Images Based on Colour Image Segmentation and Skeletonization Using the Quad-Edge Data Structure. Proceedings of the International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Plzen, 29 January-1 February 2007, 225-232.
[17] Zhang, Y., Pulliainen, J.T., Koponen, S.S. and Hallikainen, M.T. (2003) Water Quality Retrievals from Combined Landsat TM Data and ERS-2 SAR Data in the Gulf of Finland. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 622-629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.808906
[18] Soh, L.K. and Tsatsoulis, C. (1999) Segmentation of Satellite Imagery of Natural Scenes Using Data Mining. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, 1086-1099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.752227
[19] Zhang, Z.H., Prinet, V. and Ma, S.D. (2003) Water Body Extraction from Multi-Source Satellite Images. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulouse, 21-25 July 2003, 3970-3972.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1295331
[20] McCarthy, J.M., Gumbricht, T., McCarthy, T., Frost, P., Wessels, K. and Seidel, F. (2003) Flooding Patterns of the Okavango Wetland in Botswana between 1972 and 2000. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 32, 453-457.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.7.453
[21] Anthony, G., Greg, H. and Tshilidzi, M. (2007) Image Classification Using SVMs: One-against-One vs. One-against-All.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.2914
[22] da Rocha Gracioso, A.C.N., da Silva, F.F., Paris, A.C., de Freitas Góes, R. and Elétrica-Sao Carlos, E. (2005) Gabor Filter Applied in Supervised Classification of Remote Sensing Images. Proceeding of the SIBGRAPI Symposium, Natal, 9-12 October 2005.
[23] Jeon, Y.J., Choi, J.G. and Kim, J.I. (2005) A Study on Supervised Classification of Remote Sensing Satellite Image by Bayesian Algorithm Using Average Fuzzy Intracluster Distance. Combinatorial Image Analysis Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3322, 597-606.
[24] Fuller, L.M., Morgan, T.R. and Aichele, S.S. (2006) Wetland Delineation with IKONOS High-Resolution Satellite Imagery, Fort Custer Training Center, Battle Creek, Michigan, Date Posted: March 3, 2006, 2005: US Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5051, 8 p.
[25] Basaeed, E., Bhaskar, H. and Al-Mualla, M. (2013) A Spectral Water Index Based on Visual Bands. Proceeding of the Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XIX, Dresden, 23-26 September 2013, Article ID: 889219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2028638
[26] Bonsal, B.R., Prowse, T.D., Duguay, C.R. and Lacroix, M.P. (2006) Impacts of Large-Scale Teleconnections on Freshwater-Ice Break/Freeze-Up Dates over Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 330, 340-353.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.022
[27] Trenberth, K.E., Jones, P.D., Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D., Klein Tank, A., et al. (2007) Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L., Eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York.
[28] Arp, C.D., Jones, B.M., Lu, Z. and Whitman, M.S. (2012) Shifting Balance of Thermokarst Lake Ice Regimes across the Arctic Coastal Plain of Northern Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052518
[29] Comiso, J.C., Parkinson, C.L., Gersten, R. and Stock, L. (2008) Accelerated Decline in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031972
[30] Walsh, J.E., Overland, J.E., Groisman, P.Y. and Rudolf, B. (2011) Chapter 2: Arctic Climate: Recent Variations, Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA), Oslo, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
[31] Forster, R.R., Box, J.E., van den Broeke, M.R., Miege, C., Burgess, E.W., van Angelen, J.H., Lenaerts, J.T.M., Koenig, L.S., Paden, J., Lewis, C., Gogineni, S.P., Leuschen, C. and McConnell, J.R. (2014) Extensive Liquid Meltwater Storage in Firn within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Nature Geoscience, 7, 95-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2043
[32] Fitzpatrick, A.A.W., Hubbard, A.L., Box, J.E., Quincey, D.J., van As, D., Mikkelsen, A.P.B., Doyle, S.H., Dow, C.F., Hasholt, B. and Jones, G.A. (2014) A Decade (2002-2012) of Supraglacial Lake Volume Estimates across Russell Glacier, West Greenland. The Cryosphere, 8, 107-121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-107-2014
[33] Van der Veen, C.J. (2007) Fracture Propagation as Means of Rapidly Transferring Surface Meltwater to the Base of Glaciers. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, Article ID: L01501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028385
[34] Zwally, H.J., Abdalati, W., Herring, T., Larson, K., Saba, J. and Steffen, K. (2002) Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Icesheet Flow. Science, 297, 218-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072708
[35] Rokni, K., Ahmad, A., Selamat, A. and Hazini, S. (2014) Water Feature Extraction and Change Detection Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing, 6, 4173-4189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6054173
[36] Ouma, Y.O. and Tateishi, R. (2006) A Water Index for Rapid Mapping of Shoreline Changes of Five East African Rift Valley Lakes: An Empirical Analysis Using Landsat TM and ETM+ Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 3153-3181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160500309934
[37] Fu, J., Wang, J. and Li, J. (2007) Study on the Automatic Extraction of Water Body from TM Image Using Decision Tree Algorithm. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging: Technology and Applications 2007: Related Technologies and Applications, Beijing, 9-12 September 2007, Article ID: 662502.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.790602
[38] Jiang, H., Feng, M., Zhu, Y., Lu, N., Huang, J. and Xiao, T. (2014) An Automated Method for Extracting Rivers and Lakes from Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing, 6, 5067-5089.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6065067
[39] Du, J.K., Feng, X.Z., Wang, Z.L., Huang, Y.S. and Ramadan, E. (2002) The Methods of Extracting Water Information from Spot Image. Chinese Geographical Science, 12, 68-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-002-0073-1
[40] Frazier, P.S. and Page, K.J. (2000) Water Body Detection and Delineation with Landsat TM Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 66, 1461-1468.
[41] Feyisa, G.L., Meilby, H., Fensholt, R. and Proud, S.R. (2014) Automated Water Extraction Index: A New Technique for Surface Water Mapping Using Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 140, 23-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.029
[42] Alecu, C., Oancea, S. and Bryant, E. (2005) Multi-Resolution Analysis of MODIS and ASTER Satellite Data for Water Classification. Proceedings of the SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering Conference, San Diego, 31 July-4 August 2005, Article ID: 59831Z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.649848
[43] Kerényi, J. and Putsay, M. (2006) Land Use Map from Aster Images and Water Mask on Modis Images. In Marsalek, J., Stancalie, G. and Balint, G., Eds., Transboundary Floods: Reducing Risks through Flood Management, Springer, Dordrecht, 45-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4902-1_5
[44] Chen, Y., Shi, P., Fung, T., Wang, J. and Li, X. (2007) Object-Oriented Classification for Urban Land Cover Mapping with ASTER Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, 4645-4651.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160500444731
[45] Wilkins, H. (1929) The Wilkins-Hearst Antarctic Expedition, 1928-1929. Geographical Review, 19, 353-376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/209145
[46] Wilkins, H. (1930) Further Antarctic Explorations. Geographical Review, 20, 357-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/209099
[47] Jezek, K.C. (2013) Airborne and Space-Borne Remote Sensing of Cryosphere. In: Orcutt, J., Ed., Earth System Monitoring, Springer, New York, 7-34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5684-1_2
[48] Merson, R.H. (1989) An AVHRR Mosaic Image of Antarctica. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10, 669-674.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168908903908
[49] Bindschadler, R.A. and Vornberger, P.L. (1990) AVHRR Imagery Reveals Antarctic Ice Dynamics. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 71, 741-742.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90EO00200
[50] Ferrigno, J.G., Mullins, J.L., Stapleton, J.A., Chavez Jr., P.S., Velasco, M.G. and Williams Jr., R.S. (1996) Satellite Image Map of Antarctica, Miscellaneous Investigations Map Series 1-2560. US Geological Survey, Reston.
[51] Scambos, T.A., Haran, T.M., Fahnestock, M.A., Painter, T.H. and Bohlander, J. (2007) MODIS-Based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) Data Sets: Continent-Wide Surface Morphology and Snow Grain Size. Remote Sensing of Environment, 111, 242-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020
[52] Bindschadler, R., Vornberger, P., Fleming, A., Fox, A., Mullins, J., Binnie, D. and Gorodetzky, D. (2008) The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 4214-4226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.006
[53] Korona, J., Berthier, E., Bernard, M., Rémy, F. and Thouvenot, E. (2009) SPIRIT. SPOT 5 Stereoscopic Survey of Polar Ice: Reference Images and Topographies during the Fourth International Polar Year (2007-2009). ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 64, 204-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2008.10.005
[54] Lüthje, M., Pedersen, L.T., Reeh, N. and Greuell, W. (2006) Modelling the Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on the West Greenland Ice-Sheet Margin. Journal of Glaciology, 52, 608-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828386
[55] McMillan, M., Nienow, P., Shepherd, A., Benham, T. and Sole, A. (2007) Seasonal Evolution of Supra-Glacial Lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 262, 484-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.002
[56] Lampkin, D.J. and Vander Berg, J. (2011) A Preliminary Investigation of the Influence of Basal and Surface Topography on Supraglacial Lake Distribution near Jakobshavn Isbrae, Western Greenland. Hydrological Processes, 25, 3347-3355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8170
[57] Selmes, N., Murray, T. and James, T.D. (2011) Fast Draining Lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet Linked to Routing of Surface Water. Geophysical Research Letters, 38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047872
[58] Georgiou, S., Shepherd, A., McMillan, M. and Nienow, P. (2009) Seasonal Evolution of Supraglacial Lake Volume from ASTER Imagery. Annals of Glaciology, 50, 95-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409789624328
[59] Joughin, I., Das, S.B., Flowers, G.E., Behn, M.D., Alley, R.B., King, M.A. and van Angelen, J.H. (2013) Influence of Supraglacial Lakes and Ice-Sheet Geometry on Seasonal Ice-Flow Variability. The Cryosphere Discussions, 7, 1101-1118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1185-2013
[60] Box, J.E. and Ski, K. (2007) Remote Sounding of Greenland Supraglacial Melt Lakes: Implications for Subglacial Hydraulics. Journal of Glaciology, 53, 257-265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202883
[61] Sneed, W.A. and Hamilton, G.S. (2007) Evolution of Melt Pond Volume on the Surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028697
[62] Sundal, A.V., Shepherd, A., Nienow, P., Hanna, E., Palmer, S. and Huybrechts, P. (2009) Evolution of Supra-Glacial Lakes across the Greenland Ice Sheet. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 2164-2171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.018
[63] Johansson, A.M. and Brown, I.A. (2013) Adaptive Classification of Supra-Glacial Lakes on the West Greenland Ice Sheet. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 6, 1998-2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2233722
[64] Liang, Y.L., Colgan, W., Lv, Q., Steffen, K., Abdalati, W., Stroeve, J., et al. (2012) A Decadal Investigation of Supraglacial Lakes in West Greenland Using a Fully Automatic Detection and Tracking Algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 127-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.020
[65] Wolfe, R.E., Nishihama, M., Fleig, A.J., Kuyper, J.A., Roy, D.P., Storey, J.C. and Patt, F.S. (2002) Achieving Sub-Pixel Geolocation Accuracy in Support of MODIS Land Science. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83, 31-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00085-8
[66] Nath, R.K. and Deb, S.K. (2010) Water-Body Area Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Images—An Introduction, Review, and Comparison. International Journal of Image Processing, 3, 353-372.
[67] Jawak, S.D. and Mathew, J. (2011) Semi-Automatic Extraction of Water Bodies and Roads from High Resolution Quick Bird Satellite Data. Proceedings of Geospatial World Forum, PN-263, Hyderabad, 18-21 January 2011, 247- 257.
[68] Yu, J.K., Huang, Y.S., Feng, X.Z., et al. (2001) Study on Water Bodies Extraction and Classification from SPOT Image. Journal of Remote Sensing, 5, 214-219.
[69] Waldemark, K., Lindblad, T., Becanovic, V., Guillen, J.L. and Klingner, P.L. (2000) Patterns from the Sky: Satellite Image Analysis Using Pulse Coupled Neural Networks for Pre-Processing, Segmentation and Edge Detection. Pattern Recognition Letters, 21, 227-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(99)00152-X
[70] Luo, J. and Sheng, Y. (2009) High Precision Auto-Extraction of Water Information of Multi-Band Remote Image by Step Iterative Method. Journal of Remote Sensing, 13, 610-615.
[71] Haq, M.A., Jain, K. and Menon, K.P.R. (2012) Monitoring Glacial Lakes Using Remote Sensing Tech. Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial Information Technology and Applications, India Geospatial Forum, Gurgaon, 7-9 February 2012.
[72] Yang, K. and Smith, L.C. (2013) Supraglacial Streams on the Greenland Ice Sheet Delineated from Combined Spectral-Shape Information in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 10, 801-805.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2012.2224316
[73] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2014) A Semiautomatic Extraction of Antarctic Lake Features Using Worldview-2 Imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 80, 939-952.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/PERS.80.10.939
[74] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2015) A Rapid Extraction of Water Body Features from Antarctic Coastal Oasis Using Very High-Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 125-132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.018
[75] Xie, Z.Y., ShangGuan, D.H., Zhang, S.Q., Ding, Y.J. and Liu, S.Y. (2013) Index for Hazard of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood of Lake Merzbacher by Satellite-Based Monitoring of Lake Area and Ice Cover. Global and Planetary Change, 107, 229-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.025
[76] Huggel, C., Kaab, A., Haeberli, W., Teysseire, P. and Paul, F. (2002) Remote Sensing Based Assessment of Hazards from Glacier Lake Outbursts: A Case Study in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 316-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-099
[77] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2013) A Spectral Index Ratio-Based Antarctic Land-Cover Mapping Using Hyperspatial 8-Band World View-2 Imagery. Polar Science, 7, 18-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2012.12.002
[78] Li, M., Xu, L. and Tang, M. (2011) An Extraction Method for Water Body of Remote Sensing Image Based on Oscillatory Network. Journal of Multimedia, 6, 252-260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4304/jmm.6.3.252-260
[79] Ding, L. and Wu, H. (2006) Study of the Water Body Extracting from MODIS Images Based on Spectrum-Photometric Method. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 29, 25-27.
[80] McFeeters, S.K. (1996) The Use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the Delineation of Open Water Features. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17, 1425-1432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169608948714
[81] Rong-Long, C.A.O., Li, C.-J., Liu, L.-Y., Wang, J.-H. and Yan, G.-J. (2008) Extracting Miyun Reservoir’s Water Area and Monitoring Its Change Based on a Revised Normalized Different Water Index. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 59.
[82] McFeeters, S.K. (2013) Using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) within a Geographic Information System to Detect Swimming Pools for Mosquito Abatement: A Practical Approach. Remote Sensing, 5, 3544-3561.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs5073544
[83] Gao, B.C. (1996) NDWI—A Normalized Difference Water Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Liquid Water from Space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 58, 257-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00067-3
[84] Xu, H. (2006) Modification of Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) to Enhance Open Water Features in Remotely Sensed Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 3025-3033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179
[85] Wu, W., Shen, X., Zhou, L., Lu, S. and Zhang, G. (2008) A Integrated Method for Water Body Detection and Delineation Using Landsat ETM+ Data. Bulletin of Science and Technology, 21.
[86] Rogers, A.S. and Kearney, M.S. (2004) Reducing Signature Variability in Unmixing Coastal Marsh Thematic Mapper Scenes Using Spectral Indices. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 2317-2335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001618103
[87] Xiao, X., Boles, S., Liu, J., Zhuang, D., Frolking, S., Li, C. and Moore, B. (2005) Mapping Paddy Rice Agriculture in Southern China Using Multi-Temporal MODIS Images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 95, 480-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.009
[88] Mo, W.F., Sun, H., Zhong, S.Q., Huang, Y.L. and He, L. (2007) Research on the CIWI Model and Its Application. Remote Sensing Information, 5, 16-21.
[89] Lu, S., Wu, B., Yan, N. and Wang, H. (2011) Water Body Mapping Method with HJ-1A/B Satellite Imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 13, 428-434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.09.006
[90] WANG, B.-C., Miao, F., Chen, J.-H., Huang, H.-H., Lai, D.-J. and Yan, M.-X. (2008) The Construction and Application of Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) Based on the ASTER Image. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 66.
[91] Zhong, C., Zeng, C. and Liu, Z. (2008) Study on Terrestrial Water Information Identified Based on the Analysis of Spectral Signature and Ratio Index. Geo-Information Science, 10, 663-666.
[92] Li, B. and Zhou, X.Z. (2009) Research on Extraction Method of River Water-Body in Mountain Area of Western Sichuan Based on MODIS Data. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 11, 256-260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1047.2009.00256
[93] Soti, V., Tran, A., Bailly, J.S., Puech, C., Seen, D.L. and Bégué, A. (2009) Assessing Optical Earth Observation Systems for Mapping and Monitoring Temporary Ponds in Arid Areas. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 11, 344-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.05.005
[94] Motohka, T., Nasahara, K.N., Murakami, K. and Nagai, S. (2011) Evaluation of Sub-Pixel Cloud Noises on MODIS Daily Spectral Indices Based on in Situ Measurements. Remote Sensing, 3, 1644-1662.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs3081644
[95] Ogashawara, I. and Bastos, V.D.S.B. (2012) A Quantitative Approach for Analyzing the Relationship between Urban Heat Islands and Land Cover. Remote Sensing, 4, 3596-3618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs4113596
[96] Murray, N.J., Phinn, S.R., Clemens, R.S., Roelfsema, C.M. and Fuller, R.A. (2012) Continental Scale Mapping of Tidal Flats across East Asia Using the Landsat Archive. Remote Sensing, 4, 3417-3426.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs4113417
[97] Sekhon, N.S., Hassan, Q.K. and Sleep, R.W. (2010) Evaluating Potential of MODIS-Based Indices in Determining “Snow Gone” Stage over Forest-Dominant Regions. Remote Sensing, 2, 1348-1363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs2051348
[98] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2013) Improved Land Cover Mapping Using High Resolution Multiangle 8-Band World View-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 7, Article ID: 073573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.7.073573
[99] Wang, H., Pan, L. and Zheng, H. (2008) Multi-Texture-Model for Water Extraction Based on Remote Sensing Image. Proceedings of the Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Sanya, 27-30 May 2008, 710-714.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2008.19
[100] Luo, J., Sheng, Y., Shen, Z. and Li, J. (2010) High-Precise Water Extraction Based on Spectral-Spatial Coupled Remote Sensing Information. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Honolulu, 25-30 July 2010, 2840-2843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2010.5648978
[101] Nguyen, D.D. (2012) Water Body Extraction from Multi Spectral Image by Spectral Pattern Analysis. ISPRS-International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 1, 181-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B8-181-2012
[102] Hassan, N., Hamid, J.R.A., Adnan, N.A. and Jaafar, M. (2014) Delineation of Wetland Areas from High Resolution World View-2 Data by Object-Based Method. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 18, Article ID: 012017.
[103] Breytenbach, A., Eloff, C. and Pretorius, E. (2014) Comparing Three Spaceborne Optical Sensors via Fine Scale Pixel-Based Urban Land Cover Classification Products. South African Journal of Geomatics, 2, 309-324.
[104] Xiang, M., Hung, C.C., Pham, M., Kuo, B.C. and Coleman, T. (2005) A Parallelepiped Multispectral Image Classifier Using Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Seoul, 25-29 July 2005, 4.
[105] Lu, D., Hetrick, S., Moran, E. and Li, G. (2010) Detection of Urban Expansion in an Urban-Rural Landscape with Multitemporal QuickBird Images. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 4, Article ID: 041880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3501124
[106] Blaschke, T. (2003) Object-Based Contextual Image Classification Built on Image Segmentation. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Workshop on Advances in Techniques for Analysis of Remotely Sensed Data, Greenbelt, 27-28 October 2003, 113-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/warsd.2003.1295182
[107] Kux, H.J. and Souza, U.D. (2012) Object-Based Image Analysis of WORLDVIEW-2 Satellite Data for the Classification of Mangrove Areas in the City of SAO LUíS, MARANHAO State, Brazil. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 1, 95-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-I-4-95-2012
[108] Tehrany, M.S., Pradhan, B. and Jebuv, M.N. (2014) A Comparative Assessment between Object and Pixel-Based Classification Approaches for Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using SPOT 5 Imagery. Geocarto International, 29, 351-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2013.768300
[109] Kim, S.H. and Hong, C.H. (2012) Antarctic Land-Cover Classification Using IKONOS and Hyperion Data at Terra Nova Bay. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33, 7151-7164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.700136
[110] Sundal, A. (2009) Determining Supra-Glacial Lake Area from MODIS Satellite Images. Technical Report, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
[111] Panday, P.K., Bulley, H., Haritashya, U. and Ghimire, B. (2012) Supraglacial Lake Classification in the Everest Region of Nepal Himalaya. In: Thakur, J.K., Singh, S.K., Ramanathan, A., Prasad, B.K.M. and Gossel, W., Eds., Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources, Springer, Dordrecht, 86-99.
[112] Brown, L. and Young, K.L. (2006) Assessment of Three Mapping Techniques to Delineate Lakes and Ponds in a Canadian High Arctic wetland complex. Arctic, 283-293.
[113] Leeson, A.A., Shepherd, A., Sundal, A.V., Johansson, A.M., Selmes, N., Briggs, K. and Fettweis, X. (2013) A Comparison of Supraglacial Lake Observations Derived from MODIS Imagery at the Western Margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Journal of Glaciology, 59, 1179-1188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG13J064
[114] Wong, T.H., Mansor, S.B., Mispan, M.R., Ahmad, N. and Sulaiman, W.N.A. (2003) Feature Extraction Based on Object Oriented Analysis. Proceedings of the ATC 2003 Conference, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2003, 20-21.
[115] Zhang, Y. (2000) A Method for Continuous Extraction of Multispectrally Classified Urban Rivers. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 66, 991-999.
[116] Li, B., Zhang, H. and Xu, F. (2014) Water Extraction in High Resolution Remote Sensing Image Based on Hierarchical Spectrum and Shape Features. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 17, Article ID: 012123.
[117] Shao, P., Yang, G., Niu, X., Zhang, X., Zhan, F. and Tang, T. (2014) Information Extraction of High-Resolution Remotely Sensed Image Based on Multiresolution Segmentation. Sustainability, 6, 5300-5310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6085300
[118] Elsharkawy, A., Elhabiby, M. and El-Sheimy, N. (2012) New Combined Pixel/Object-Based Technique for Efficient Urban Classification Using Worldview-2 Data. Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXIX-B7, 191-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B7-191-2012
[119] Jawak, S.D., Raut, D.A. and Luis, A.J. (2015) Iterative Spectral Index Ratio Exploration for Object-Based Image Analysis of Antarctic Coastal Oasis Using High Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 157-164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.022
[120] Ji, L., Zhang, L. and Wylie, B. (2009) Analysis of Dynamic Thresholds for the Normalized Difference Water Index. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 75, 1307-1317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/PERS.75.11.1307
[121] Lira, J. (2006) Segmentation and Morphology of Open Water Bodies from Multispectral Images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 4015-4038.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600702384
[122] Sethre, P.R., Rundquist, B.C. and Todhunter, P.E. (2005) Remote Detection of Prairie Pothole Ponds in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 42, 277-296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.42.4.277
[123] Jain, S.K., Singh, R.D., Jain, M.K. and Lohani, A.K. (2005) Delineation of Flood-Prone Areas Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Water Resources Management, 19, 333-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-005-3281-5
[124] Rundquist, D.C., Lawson, M.P., Queen, L.P. and Cerveny, R.S. (1987) The Relationship between Summer-Season Rainfall Events And Lake-Surface Area. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 23, 493-508.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00828.x
[125] Jawak, S.D., Luis, A.J., Panditrao, S.N., Khopkar, P.S. and Jadhav, P.S. (2013) Advancement in Landcover Classification Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed 8-Band WorldView-2 Satellite Data. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 6, 1742-1749.
[126] Lu, D. and Weng, Q. (2007) A Survey of Image Classification Methods and Techniques for Improving Classification Performance. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, 823-870.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600746456
[127] Otukei, J.R. and Blaschke, T. (2010) Land Cover Change Assessment Using Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Maximum Likelihood Classification Algorithms. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12, S27-S31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.11.002
[128] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2013) Very-High Resolution Remotely Sensed Satellite Data for Improved Land Cover Extraction of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 7, Article ID: 073460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.7.073460
[129] Verpoorter, C., Kutser, T. and Tranvik, L. (2012) Automated Mapping of Water Bodies Using Landsat Multispectral Data. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 10, 1037-1050.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2012.10.1037
[130] Myint, S.W., Galletti, C.S., Kaplan, S. and Kim, W.K. (2013) Object vs. Pixel: A Systematic Evaluation in Urban Environments. Geocarto International, 28, 657-678.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2013.776642
[131] Katiyar, S.K. and Arun, P.V. (2014) An Enhanced Neural Network Based Approach towards Object Extraction.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.6137
[132] Sridharan, H. (2012) Object-Based Approaches to Image Classification for Hyperspatial and Hyperspectral Data. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Texas, Dallas.
[133] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2012) Synergistic Use of Multitemporal RAMP, ICESat and GPS to Construct an Accurate DEM of the Larsemann Hills Region, Antarctica. Advances in Space Research, 50, 457-470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.05.004
[134] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2014) Prospective Application of NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) in Cryospheric Studies: A Practical Approach. Proceedings of the NISAR Science Workshop, Ahmadabad, 17-18 November 2014.
[135] Jawak, S.D., Sambhus, P.G., Paranjape, R.A. and Luis, A.J. (2012) Assessment of Spatial Interpolation Techniques for Generating Accurate Digital Elevation Surface Using Combined Radar & LiDAR Elevation Data. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna Propagation and Remote Sensing (ICMARS-2012), Paper Id-ICMARS 12121, Jodhpur, 11-15 December 2012.
[136] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2014) Synergetic Merging of Cartosat-1 and RAMP to Generate Improved Digital Elevation Model of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, Hyderabad, India, 9-12 December 2014, 517-524.
[137] Jawak, S.D., Jadhav, S.P. and Luis, A.J. (2013) Usage of Multiple Satellite and Ground-Based Elevation Datasets to Generate an Accurate Digital Elevation Surface: Methods and Error Analysis. EGESD-2013, University of Mumbai, Mumbai.
[138] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2011) Synergetic Use of GLAS/ICESat and RAMP to Construct 3D DEM of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences (ISAES-2011), Edinburgh, 10-16 July 2011.
[139] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2010) Synergistic Use of SAR, GLAS/ICESat & Ground Survey (GPS) Data to Construct an Accurate DEM of the Larsemann Hills Region. Proceedings of the 4th SCAR-OSC-2010, Buenos Aires, 3-6 August 2010.
[140] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2014) Spectral Bands of WorldView-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Semiautomatic Land Cover Extraction in the Antarctic Environment. Proceedings of the XXXIII SCAR and 6th Open Science Conference, Auckland, 25-28 August 2014.
[141] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2014) A Novel Set of Normalized Difference Snow/Ice Index ratios for Extraction of Snow Cover from the Antarctic Environment Using Very High Resolution Satellite Data. Proceedings of the XXXIII SCAR and 6th Open Science Conference, Auckland, 25-28 August 2014.
[142] Jawak, S.D., Khopkar, P.S. and Luis, A.J. (2013) Spectral Index Ratio-Based Quantitative Analysis of WorldView-2 Pansharpened Data. In: The National Seminar on Earth Observation & Geo-Information Sciences for Environment and Sustainable Development (EGESD), Mumbai, 7-9 February 2013, Oral.
[143] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2012) Hyperspatial WorldView-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Polar Geospatial Information Mining of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the XXXII SCAR and 5th Open Science Conference (OSC), Portland, 13-25 July 2012.
[144] Jawak, S.D., Khopkar, P.S. and Godbole, T.M. (2012) Spectral Quality Analysis of Pansharpened Worldview-2 Images Using Normalized Difference Vegetation/Water (NDVI/NDWI) Index. Proceedings of the India Geospatial Forum, PN-32, Gurgaon, 7-9 February 2012.
[145] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2011) High Resolution 8-Band WorldView-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Polar Geospatial Information Mining and Thematic Elevation Mapping of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the 11th ISAES-2011, Edinburgh, 10-16 July 2011.
[146] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2013) A Comprehensive Evaluation of PAN-Sharpening Algorithms Coupled with Resampling Methods for Image Synthesis of Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Satellite Data. Advances in Remote Sensing, 2, 332-344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.24036
[147] Jawak, S.D., Panditrao, S.N. and Luis, A.J. (2014) Enhanced Urban Landcover Classification for Operational Change Detection Study Using Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data. Proceedings of the ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, Hyderabad, India, 9-12 December 2014, 773-779.
[148] Jawak, S.D., Khopkar, P.S., Jadhav, S.P. and Luis, A.J. (2013) Customization of Normalized Difference Snow Index for Extraction of Snow Cover from Cryospheric Surface Using WorldView-2 Data. Proceedings of the AGSE International Conference, Ahmedabad, 16-19 December 2013, 391-398.
[149] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2012) WorldView-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Polar Geospatial Information Mining of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the 11th Pacific (Pan) Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC), Id: PORSEC2012-24-00006, Kochi, Kerala, 5-9 November 2012.
[150] Jawak, S.D. and Luis, A.J. (2011) Applications of WorldView-2 Satellite Data for Extraction of Polar Spatial Information and DEM of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Neural Computing (FSNC 2011), Hong Kong, 20-21 February 2011, 148-151.

Journals Menu
Follow SCIRP
Contact us
customer@scirp.org
WhatsApp +86 18163351462(WhatsApp)
Click here to send a message to me 1655362766
Paper Publishing WeChat

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.