Success Story of a Low Cost Intra-Dermal Rabies Vaccination (IDRV) Clinic-Lessons Learnt over Five Years of 12,000 Patient Vaccinations “Without Failure” at DDU Hospital Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
—“Saving a Drop of Rabies Vaccine and Immunoglobulins” 12 Innovations to Make Himachal Pradesh Rabies Free State by 2020

Omesh Kumar Bharti^1*, Shampur Narayan Madhusudana², Ashok Kale³, Pyare Lal Gaunta⁴, Laxman Singh Chaudhry⁵, Jitender Kumar⁴, Nirmal Gupta⁶, Dropda Shyam⁷

¹Faculty Epidemiologist, State Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Parimahal, Shimla, India.
²Professor of Neurovirology, Head, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Neurovirology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India.
³Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College & Hospital, Jalgaon, India.
⁴Rtd. Sr. Medical Superintendent, DDU Hospital, Shimla, India.
⁵Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India.
⁶Staff Nurse, Anti-Rabies Clinic and Research Centre (ARC&RC), DDU Hospital, Shimla, India.
⁷Multi Purpose Health Worker (MPW) previously at Anti-Rabies Clinic and Research Centre, DDU Hospital, Shimla, India.

DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2015.53014                

Abstract

Background: Rabies is a dreaded disease and an estimated 55,000 people die of rabies every year. Himachal Pradesh is in the North bordering China and is predominantly rural and hilly. Villages are near forests, where wild reservoirs of rabies exist. Since health facilities are not accessible easily, we need to innovate on existing schedules of rabies vaccination keeping in view the compliance of the patients and affordability so as to give them the best possible option of treatment. In the year 2006 and 2007, we, at DDU Hospital Shimla, experienced a severe shortage of rabies vaccine and patients were running from pillar to post to fetch rabies vaccine. At the same time, we learnt that some of the patients died because either they were not able to purchase the vaccine, mostly because of its high cost, $35, or they ignored the animal bites and did not seek the treatment. Since last year, we have been experiencing non-availability of rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market and have to innovate new schedules and techniques to save lives of the patients. Methods: During shortage of rabies vaccine in 2008, we contemplated to start a low cost intra-dermal (ID) clinic so as to make rabies vaccine affordable as intramuscular (IM) vaccination cost five times more than ID vaccination. But, there were three main hurdles. One hurdle was the non-availability of rabies vaccine vials having written on them “For IM/ID use” and another hurdle was only fewer animal bite patients attending the DDU Hospital, sometimes only one or two per day, which was insufficient to open a vaccine vial and distribute among them. The third problem being faced was reluctance of the hospital doctors to prescribe ID vaccine as this was not the practice at higher teaching institutions, including medical colleges. We contacted a vaccine company and few vials labeled as “For IM/ID use” were sourced from Mumbai (1200 km away from here). We asked the Chief Medical Officer, Shimla district to write a letter to all health facilities around our Hospital to give first aid to animal bite patients and then refer them to DDU Hospital for vaccination. Now we were able to pool the patients and divide a single 1 ml vaccine vial among four patients. After continuous advocacy, our stress that WHO has given its approval for ID use of rabies vaccine and that subsequent approval has been granted by Government of India was enough for doctors to prescribe the vaccine as ID. Last Year, we got ethical approval to inject rabies Immunoglobulins (RIGs) only locally in and around the wound at times of scarcity of RIGs in the market. The subsequent follow up of patients proved life saving in crisis of shortage of RIGs. Due to shortage of RIGs we innovatively vaccinated people bitten by rabid dogs or people who had consumed rabid cow’s milk and followed them for outcome, apart from having Rabies Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) was done for few of the patiens for verification of protective titers. We innovated a technique of extraction of last drop of vaccine from the vial and also saved a drop of RIGs being used for test dose before giving RIGs to the patients. Results: The first low cost anti-rabies clinic was started on August 2, 2008 after long advocacy sessions with the authorities and the doctors. Since then, we have done many innovations based on local requirements and patients’ feedback and accessibility to treatment. We have given pre and post-exposure prophylaxis to more than 12,000 animal bite victims over more than five years period in this single clinic, saving lives as well as money without any failure even in difficult rabid animal bite cases. Our innovation helped us save the vaccine and immunoglobulins till the last drop. Conclusions: Innovative ways by health providers backed by extensive literature review and scientific evidence can help patients get low cost health deliverables that increase their compliance as medicines/vaccines become affordable to them. Third world countries need to innovate their own ways to solve their problems of scanty resources and find innovative solutions to conquer them, rather than looking elsewhere for solutions.

Keywords

Intradermal Rabies Vaccination, Local RIGs Infiltration, Local Innovations, Rabid Animals, RIGs Scarcity, One Health, Zoonosis

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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