Evaluation of Specialty Lipids Based on Fish Oil and Capric Acid on Blood Lipid Chemistry Using Animal Models

Fayez Hamam^1*, Mayyas Al-Remawi², Abdel Rahman Nasr¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, KSA.
²Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.63031                

Abstract

This study aimed to produce new generation of fats or oils, known as specialty lipids, from enzymatic reaction of fish oil rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, serving as a source of essential fatty acids, and a medium-chain fatty acid (Capric acid, C10:0), for rapid energy release, using self-designed bioreactor. The beneficial aspects of the resultant specialty lipids (SL) on blood lipid chemistry were evaluated using animal models. Serum lipids were analyzed for lipid profile. Animals in the three treatments: Group 1 fed with corn oil, Group 2 fed with a physical blend (PB) of fish oil (FO) and capric acid (CA); and Group 3 fed with specialty lipids (SL) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of triacylglycerols (TAG) after 60 days compared to day zero, but the highest decrease was noted for the corn oil (CO) fed animals. Analysis of differences among groups showed that a significant (p < 0.05) difference was noted between treatment groups (2 and 3) and the reference group. The level of total cholesterol (TC) was considerably (p < 0.05) increased in animals fed with corn oil, whereas the PB and SL had no effect on TC. Blood lipid analysis for Group 1 (fed with corn oil) and Group 3 (fed with SL) showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Meantime, animals in Group 2 showed insignificant increase (p > 0.05) in HDL-c level after 60 days of treatment. Although SL caused an increase in HDL-c level but lower than CO. Animals in CO group showed insignificant increase (p > 0.05) in the level of LDL-c, whereas SL did not cause any change in LDL-c level. On the other hand, the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is considerably (p < 0.05) decreased in animals fed with PB. Results showed that the difference between PB and SL animals was insignificant (p > 0.05) concerning TAG, TC, and LDL-c levels, but the only difference between these two groups was in the HDL-c level. The weight of animals was increasing with time in animals fed CO, while it was decreasing with time for animals fed PB and SL. The difference in percent body change between SL and CO was significant (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks of treatment.

Keywords

Specialty Lipids, Animal Study, Packed Bed Bioreactor, Serum Lipid Profile

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Smith, G.D. (2001) Is It Time to Call It a Day? International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.1.1
[2]	Manios, Y., Moschandreas, J., Hatzis, C. and Kafatos, A. (2002) Health and Nutrition Education in Primary Schools of Crete: Changes in Chronic Disease Risk Factors Following a 6-Year Intervention Programme. British Journal of Nutrition, 88, 315-324.
[3]	Al Balla, S.R., Sekait, M. and Balla, M. (1993) Causes of Morbidity in the Elderly Population of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96, 157-162.
[4]	Kumosani, T.A., Alama, M.N. and Iyer, A.P. (2011) Cardiovascular Diseases in Saudi Arabia. Prime Research on Medicine, 1, 1-6.
[5]	Al Balla, S.R., Bamgboye, E.A., Al Balla, S.R., Al Sekait, M. and Al Rasheed, R. (1993) Pattern of Adult Admission into Medical Wards of King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh (1985-1990). Saudi Medical Journal, 13, 8-13.
[6]	Sulieman, N., Al-Shehri, Z.A.S., Salama, M.M. and Hassan, Y.H. (2004) Prevalence of Hyperlipidemia among Saudi School Children in Riyadh. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 24, 6-8.
[7]	Al-Nuaim, A.R., Al-Rubeaan, K., Al-Mazroub, Y., Al-Attas, O. and Al-Daghari, N. (1996) Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia in Saudi Arabia, Epidemiological Study. International Journal of Cardiology, 54, 41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(96)02555-7
[8]	Al-Nuaim, A.R., Al-Rubeaan, K., Al-Mazroub, Y., Al-Attas, O. and Al-Daghari, N. (1997) Serum Total and Fractionated Cholesterol Distribution and Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia in Urban and Rural Communities in Saudi Arabia International Journal of Cardiology, 58, 141-149.
[9]	Gunstone, F.D. and Padley, F.B., Eds. (1997) Lipid Technologies and Applications. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 834.
[10]	Akoh, C.C. (2002) Structured Lipids. In: Akoh, C.C. and Min, D.B., Eds., Food Lipids, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 877-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203908815.ch28
[11]	Hamam, F. and Budge, S. (2010) Structured and Specialty Lipids in Continuous Packed Column Reactors: Comparison of Production Using One and Two Enzyme Beds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 87, 385-394.
[12]	Canada, O.N. (2013) Omega-3 Overview: Ride the Mutli-Bllion-Dollar Wave. Nova Scotia.
[13]	Breslow, J.L. (2006) n-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83, 1477S1482S.
[14]	Von Schacky, C. (2007) Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 10, 129-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3280127af0
[15]	Swanson, D., Block, R. and Mousa, S.A. (2012) Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA: Health Benefits throughout Life. Advances in Nutrition, 3, 1-7.
[16]	Nicholson, T., Khademi, H. and Moghadasian, M.H. (2013) The Role of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids in Improving Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Food & Function, 4, 357-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2fo30235g
[17]	Simopoulos, A.P. (2002) Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21, 495-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248
[18]	Hartweg, J., Montori, P.R., Dinneen, S.F., Ahawn, N. and Farmer, A.J. (2008) Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, 42-45.
[19]	Atar, M.J.H., Hajianfar, H. and Bahonar, A. (2012) The Effects of Omega-3 on Blood Pressure and the Relationship between Serum Visfatin Level and Blood Pressure in Patients with Type II Diabetes. Atherosclerosis Journal, 8, 27-31.
[20]	Mori, T.A. (2006) Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Hypertension in Humans. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33, 842-846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04451.x
[21]	Fassett, R.G., Peake, J.M. and Coombes, J.S. (2010) Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Kidney Disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 56, 728-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.009
[22]	Harris, W.S. and Von Schacky, C. (2004) The Omega-3 Index: A New Risk Factor for Death from Coronary Heart Disease. Preventive Medicine, 39, 212-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.030
[23]	Heird, W.C., Grundy, S.M. and Hubbard, V.S. (1986) Structured Lipids and Their Use in Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43, 320-324.
[24]	Lee, T.W. and Hastilow, C.I. (1999) Quantitative Determination of Triacylglycerol Profile of Structured Lipid by Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and High-Temperature Gas Chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 76, 1405-1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-999-0176-2
[25]	Lee, K.T. and Akoh, C.C. (1998) Structured Lipids: Synthesis and Application. Food Reviews International, 14, 17-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129809541148
[26]	Bell, S.J., Mascioli, E.A., Bistrian, B.R., Babayan, V.K. and Blackburn, G.L. (1991) Alternative Lipid Sources for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition: Longand Medium-Chain Triglycerides, Structured Triglycerides, and Fish Oils. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 91, 74-78.
[27]	Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I. and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972) Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry, 18, 499-502.
[28]	Ng, T.K.W., Hassan, K., Lim, J.B., Lye, M.S. and Ishak, R. (1991) Nonhypercholesterolemic Effects of a Palm-Oil Diet in Malaysian Volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 1015S-1020S.
[29]	Nalbone, G., Leonardi, J., Termine, E., Portugal, H., Lechene, P., Pauli, A.M. and Lafont, H. (1989) Effects of Fish Oil, Corn Oil and Lard Diets on Lipid Peroxidation Status and Glutathione Peroxidase Activities in Rat Heart. Lipids, 24, 179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02535232
[30]	Ismael, O.E., Hashish, E.A. and Ali, H.A. (2014) Lipid Profile and Lipogensis Following Corn Oil, Truffle Oil or Wheat Germ Oil Administration in Albino Rat. Global Veterinaria, 12, 461-469.
[31]	Dauqan, E., Sani, H.A., Abdullah, A. and Kasim, Z.M. (2011) Effect of Different Vegetable Oils (Red Palm Olein, Palm Olein, Corn Oil and Coconut Oil) on Lipid Profile in Rat. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2, 253-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.24036
[32]	Dupont, J., White, P.J., Carpenter, M.P., Schaefer, E.J., Meydani, S.N., Elson, C.E., Woods, M. and Gorbach, S.L. (1990) Food Uses and Health Effects of Corn Oil. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 9, 438-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1990.10720403
[33]	Lee, K.T., Akoh, C.C., Flatt, W.P. and Lee, J.H. (2000) Nutritional Effects of Enzymatically Modified Soybean Oil with Caprylic Acid versus Physical Mixture Analogue in Obese Zucker Rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 5696-5701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000072+
[34]	Rezq, A.A., Labib, F.A. and Attia, A.E.M. (2010) Effect of Some Dietary Oils and Fats on Serum Lipid Profile, Calcium Absorption and Bone Mineralization in Mice. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9, 643-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.643.650
[35]	Karaji-Bani, M., Montazeri, F. and Hashemi, M. (2006) Effect of Palm Oil on Serum Lipid Profile in Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5, 234-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2006.234.236
[36]	Shahidi, F. and Hamam, F. (2006) Acidolysis Reactions Lead to Esterification of Endogenous Tocopherols and Compromised Oxidative Stability of Modified Oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 7319-7323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf061730e
[37]	Seneviratne, K.N., Kotuwegedara, R.T. and Ekanayake, S. (2011) Serum Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels of Rats Fed with Consumer Selected Coconut Oil Blends. International Food Research Journal, 18, 1303-1308.