Impact of Powdered Activated Carbon and Anion Exchange Resin on Photocatalytic Treatment of Textile Wastewater

Preethi Grace Theva Neethi Dhas, Holger Gulyas^*, Ralf Otterpohl

Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2015.63020                

Abstract

In order to clarify the impact of activated carbon and anion exchange resin on photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of textile industry wastewater, TiO₂-based PCO was investigated with aqueous solutions containing the reactive dye Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) and with a textile dye house effluent in the absence and in the presence of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and the anion exchange resin Lewatit MP 500. Addition of Lewatit improved RB4 removal to a larger extent than PAC addition. Contrasting to chloride and sulfate, hydrogen carbonate clearly inhibited PCO of RB4. However, the depression of dye removal by hydrogen carbonate was minute in the presence of Lewatit although the hydrogen carbonate concentration was not markedly decreased. Unfortunately, the beneficial effect of Lewatit addition on PCO nearly disappeared when the Lewatit/TiO₂ mixture was reused three times. This was probably caused by oxidative damage of the resin. Color removal from the real dye house effluent during PCO was improved by Lewatit, but not by PAC. Contrastingly, PAC addition increased TOC removal by PCO from the real wastewater to some extent, while Lewatit had no impact. Sorbent addition does not lead to an acceptable area demand for solar PCO of the dye house effluent.

Keywords

Activated Carbon, Anion Exchange, Hybrid Process, Photocatalytic Oxidation, Textile Industry Effluent

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Ghaly, A.E., Ananthashankar, R., Alhattab, M. and Ramakrishnan, V.V. (2014) Production, Characterization and Treatment of Textile Effluents: A Critical Review. Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 5, 182. http://omicsonline.org/open-access/production-characterization-and-treatment-of- textile-effluents-a-critical-review-2157-7048.1000182.pdf
[2]	Correia, V.M., Stephenson, T. and Judd, S.J. (1994) Characterisation of Textile Wastewaters—A Review. Environmental Technology, 15, 917-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593339409385500
[3]	Akpan, U.G. and Hameed, B.H. (2009) Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Using TiO2-Based Photocatalysts: A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 520-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.039
[4]	Rauf, M.A., Meetani, M.A. and Hisaindee, S. (2011) An Overview on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes in the Presence of TiO2 Doped with Selective Transition Metals. Desalination, 276, 13-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.071
[5]	Pang, Y.L. and Abdullah, A.Z. (2013) Current Status of Textile Industry Wastewater Management and Research Progress in Malaysia: A Review. Clean Soil Air Water, 41, 751-764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000318
[6]	Mondal, S. (2008) Methods of Dye Removal from Dye House Effluent—An Overview. Environmental Engineering Science, 25, 383-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0049
[7]	Mountassir, Y., Benyaich, A., Rezrazi, M., Bercot, L. and Gebrati, L. (2013) Wastewater Effluent Characteristics from Moroccan Textile Industry. Water Science & Technology, 67, 2791-2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.205
[8]	Lotito, A.M., De Sanctis, M., Di Iaconi, C. and Bergna, G. (2014) Textile Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge vs Activated Sludge Systems. Water Research, 54, 337-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.055
[9]	Brik, M., Chamam, B., Schoberl, P., Braun, R. and Fuchs, W. (2004) Effect of Ozone, Chlorine and Hydrogen Peroxide on the Elimination of Colour in Treated Textile Wastewater by MBR. Water Science & Technology, 49, 299-303.
[10]	Orhon, D., Dulkadiroglu, H., Dogruel, S., Kabdasli, I., Sozen S. and Babuna, F.G. (2002) Ozonation Application in Activated Sludge Systems for a Textile Mill Effluent. Water Science & Technology, 45, 305-313.
[11]	Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. and Nigam, P. (2001) Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with a Proposed Alternative. Bioresource Technology, 77, 247-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00080-8
[12]	Azbar, N., Yonar, T. and Kestioglu, K. (2004) Comparison of Various Oxidation Processes and Chemical Treatment Methods for COD and Color Removal from a Polyester and Acetate Fiber Dyeing Effluent. Chemosphere, 55, 35-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.046
[13]	McCullagh, C., Skillen, N., Adams, M. and Robertson, P.K.J. (2011) Photocatalytic Reactors for Environmental Remediation: A Review. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 86, 1002-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2650
[14]	Gulyas, H. (2014) Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Problems and Challenges. Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering, 4, Article ID: 1000108. http://omicsonline.com/open-access/solar-heterogeneous-photocatalytic-oxidation-for- water-and-wastewater-treatment-problems-and-challenges-2090-4568-4-108.pdf
[15]	Ahmed, S., Rasul, M.G., Martens, W.N., Brown, R. and Hashib, M.A. (2011) Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenols and Dyes in Wastewater: A Review. Water Air Soil Pollution, 215, 3-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0456-3
[16]	Khataee, A.R. and Kasiri, M.B. (2010) Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes in the Presence of Nanostructured Titanioum Dioxide: Influence of the Chemical Structure of Dyes. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 328, 8-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.05.023
[17]	Alahiane, S., Qourzal, S., El Quardi, M., Abaamrane, A. and Assabbane, A. (2014) Factors Influencing the Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 by TiO2-Coated Non-Woven Fibers. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 445-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2014.58053
[18]	Chebli, D., Fourcade, F., Brosillon, S., Nacef, S. and Amrane, A. (2010) Supported Photocatalysis as a Pretreatment Prior to Biological Degradation for the Removal of Some Dyes from Aqueous Solutions; Acid Red 183, Biebrich Scarlet, Methyl Red Sodium Salt, Orange II. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 85, 555-563.
[19]	Kodom, T., Akpene, D., Tchakala, I., Gnazou, M.E.D.T., Djaney-Boundjou, G. and Bawa, M.L. (2013) TiO2 PC500 Coated on Non Woven Paper with SiO2 as a Binder-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Black 5 in Aqueous Solution. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 5, 1227-1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.512131
[20]	Gulyas, H., Sturmer, R. and Hintze, L. (2001) Experiences with Solar Application of Photocatalytic Oxidation for Dye Removal from a Model Textile Industry Wastewater. In: Brebbia, C.A., Ed., Water Pollution VI—Modelling, Measuring and Prediction, WIT Press, Southampton, 153-165.
[21]	Jamil, T.S., Ghaly, M.Y., Fathy, N.A., Abd el-halim, T.A. and Osterlund, L. (2012) Enhancement of TiO2 Behavior on Photocatalytic Oxidation of MO Dye Using TiO2/AC under Visible Irradiation and Sunlight Irradiation. Separation and Purification Technology, 98, 270-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.018
[22]	Sobana, N. and Swaminathan, M. (2007) Combination Effect of ZnO and Activated Carbon for Solar Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Blue 53. Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells, 91, 727-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2006.12.013
[23]	Chun, H. and Yizhong, W. (1999) Decolorization and Biodegradability of Photocatalytic Treated Azo Dyes and Wool Textile Wastewater. Chemosphere, 39, 2107-2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00118-6
[24]	Gebrati, L., Loukili Idrissi, L., Mountassir, Y. and Nejmeddine, A. (2010) Detoxification des effluents d’industrie de textile par photocatalyse. Environmental Technology, 31, 625-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331003592253
[25]	Gumus, D. and Akbal, F. (2011) Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Dye and Wastewater. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 216, 117-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0520-z
[26]	Hussein, F.H. (2012) Comparison between Solar and Artificial Photocatalytic Decolorization of Textile Industry Wastewater. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012, Article ID: 793648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793648 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/793648/
[27]	Pekakis, P.A., Xekoukoulotakis, N.P. and Mantzavinos, D. (2006) Treatment of Textile Dyehouse Wastewater by TiO2 Photocatalysis. Water Research, 40, 1276-1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.019
[28]	Bousselmi, L., Geissen, S.-U. and Schroeder, H. (2004) Textile Wastewater Treatment and Reuse by Solar Catalysis: Results from a Pilot Plant in Tunesia. Water Science & Technology, 49, 331-337.
[29]	Vilar, V.J.P., Pinho, L.X., Pintor, A.M.A. and Boaventura, R.A.R. (2011) Treatment of Textile Wastewaters by Solar-Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes. Solar Energy, 85, 1927-1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.04.033
[30]	Gulyas, H., Jain, H.B., Susanto, A.L., Malekpur, M., Harasiuk, K., Krawczyk, I., Choromanski, P. and Furmanska, M. (2005) Solar Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pretreated Wastewaters: Laboratory Scale Generation of Design Data for Technical-Scale Double-Skin Sheet Reactors. Environmental Technology, 26, 501-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332608618540
[31]	Karcher, S., Kornmuller, A. and Jekel, M. (2002) Anion Exchange Resins for Removal of Reactive Dyes from Textile Wastewaters. Water Research, 36, 4717-4724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00195-1
[32]	Greluk, M. and Hubicki, Z. (2011) Efficient Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Water Using the Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resin Amberlite IRA-958. Desalination, 278, 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.024
[33]	Liu, C.-H., Wu, J.-S., Chiu, H.-C., Suen, S.-Y. and Chu, K.H. (2007) Removal of Anionic Reactive Dyes from Water Using Anion Exchange Membranes as Adsorbers. Water Research, 41, 1491-1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.023
[34]	Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (1997) Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) (H 3) (in German), DIN EN 1484 (1997-08), German Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Waste Water and Sludge, DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V., Berlin.
[35]	Abdullah, M., Low, G. and Matthews, R. (1990) Effects of Common Inorganic Anions on Rates of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Carbon over Illuminated Titanium Dioxide. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 94, 6820-6825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100380a051
[36]	Bekbolet, M., Boyacioglu, Z. and Ozkaraova, B. (1998) The Influence of Solution Matrix on the Photocatalytic Removal of Color from Natural Waters. Water Science & Technology, 38, 155-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00577-0
[37]	Calza, P. and Pelizzetti, E. (2001) Photocatalytic Transformation of Organic Compounds in the Presence of Inorganic Ions. Pure Applied Chemistry, 73, 1839-1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173121839
[38]	Guillard, C., Puzenat, E., Lachheb, H., Honas, A. and Herrmann, J.-M. (2005) Why Inorganic Salts Decrease the TiO2 Photocatalytic Efficiency. International Journal of Photoenergy, 7, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/S1110662X05000012
[39]	Zhang, W., An, T., Cui, M., Sheng, G. and Fu, J. (2005) Effects of Anions on the Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Dye in a Packed-Bed Reactor. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 80, 223-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1185
[40]	Gulyas, H., Choromanski, P., Muelling, N. and Furmanska, M. (2009) Toward Chemical-Free Reclamation of Biologically Pretreated Greywater: Solar Photocatalytic Oxidation with Powdered Activated Carbon. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1223-1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.008
[41]	Shanmuga Priya, S., Premalatha, M. and Anantharaman, N. (2008) Solar Photocatalytic Treatment of Phenolic Wastewater—Potential, Challenges and Opportunities. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3, 36-41. http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2008/jeas_1208_141.pdf
[42]	GAISMA (Without Date) Tiruppur, India—Solar Energy and Surface Meteorology. http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/tiruppur.html