Optimization of the Degradation of Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Catechol Using Response Surface Methodology

Noureddine Elboughdiri; Ammar Mahjoubi; Ali Shawabkeh; Hussam Elddin Khasawneh; Bassem Jamoussi

doi:10.4236/aces.2015.52012

Home > Journals > Chemistry & Materials Science > ACES

Advances in Chemical Engineering and Sci... > Vol.5 No.2, April 2015

Optimization of the Degradation of Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Catechol Using Response Surface Methodology ()

Noureddine Elboughdiri^1,2*, Ammar Mahjoubi^1,2, Ali Shawabkeh¹, Hussam Elddin Khasawneh¹, Bassem Jamoussi³

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail, KSA.
²Department of Chemical Engineering Process, National School of Engineering of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia.
³Department of Physical, High Institute of Education and Continuing Formation, Bardo, Tunisia.

DOI: 10.4236/aces.2015.52012 PDF HTML XML 3,115 Downloads 3,977 Views Citations

Abstract

A clay catalyst (montmorillonite and kaolinite) was prepared and used to degrade three phenolic compounds: hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol obtained from the treatment the Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) generated in the production of olive oil. The operating conditions of the degradation of these compounds are optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) which is an experimental design used in process optimization studies. The results obtained by the catalytic tests and analyses performed by different techniques showed that the modified montmorillonites have very interesting catalytic, structural and textural properties; they are more effective for the catalytic phenolic compound degradation, they present the highest specific surface and they may support iron ions. We also determined the optimal degradation conditions by tracing the response surfaces of each compound; for example, for the catechol, the optimal conditions of degradation at pH 4 are obtained after 120 min at a concentration of H₂O₂ equal to 0.3 M. Of the three phenolic compounds, the kinetic degradation study revealed that the hydroquinone is the most degraded compound in the least amount of time. Finally, the rate of the catalyst iron ions release in the reaction is lower when the Fe-modified montmorillonites are used.

Keywords

Fenton Process, Fe-Modified Clay, Phenolic Compounds, Response Surface Methodology

Share and Cite:

Elboughdiri, N. , Mahjoubi, A. , Shawabkeh, A. , Khasawneh, H. and Jamoussi, B. (2015) Optimization of the Degradation of Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Catechol Using Response Surface Methodology. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 5, 111-120. doi: 10.4236/aces.2015.52012.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Liotta, L.F., Gruttadauria, M., Carlo, G.D., Perrini, G. and Librando, V. (2009) Heterogeneous Catalytic Degradation of Phenolic Substrates: Catalysts Activity. Journal of Hazardous Materiels, 162, 588-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.115
[2]	Hammami, S., Oturan, N., Bellakhal, N., Dachraoui, M. and Oturan, M.A. (2007) Oxidative Degradation of Direct Orange 61 by Electro-Fenton Process Using a Carbon Felt Electrode: Application of the Experimental Design Methodology. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 610, 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.07.004
[3]	Kesraoui, A., Oturan, N., Bellakhal, N., Dachraoui, M. and Oturan, M.A. (2008) Experimental Design Methodology Applied to Electro-Fenton Treatment for Degradation of Herbicide Chlortoluron. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 78, 334-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.09.032
[4]	Lynch, B.S., Delzell, E.S. and Bechtel, D.H. (2002) Toxicology Review and Risk Assessment of Resorcinol: Thyroid Effects. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36, 198-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2002.1585
[5]	Iurascu, B., Siminiceanu, I., Vione, D., Vicente, M.A. and Gil, A. (2009) Phenol Degradation in Water through a Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Process Catalyzed by Fe-Treated Laponite. Water Research, 43, 1313-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.032
[6]	Kesraoui, A., Oturan, M.A., Oturan, N., Bellakhal, N. and Dachraoui, M. (2010) Treatment of an Aqueous Pesticides Mixture Solution by Direct and Indirect Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 90, 1029-1397.
[7]	Sanz, J., Lombrana, J.I., Deluis, A.M., Ortueta, M. and Varona, F. (2003) Microwave and Fenton’s Reagent Oxidation of Wastewater. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 1, 45-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-002-0007-2
[8]	Chamarro, E., Marco, A. and Esplugas, S. (2001) Use of Fenton Reagent to Improve Organic Chemical Biodegradability. Water Research, 35, 1047-1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00342-0
[9]	Hoigné, J. (1998) Chemistry of Aqueous Ozone and Transformation of Pollutants by Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II (J. Hrubec, Ed.), Springer, Berlin, 5, 83-141.
[10]	Aleboyeh, A., Moussa, Y. and Aleboyeh, H. (2005) The Effect of Operational Parameters on UV/H2O2 Decolourisation of Acid Blue 74. Dyes and Pigments, 66, 129-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.09.008
[11]	Daneshvar, N., Rabbani, M., Modirshahla, N. and Behnajady, M.A. (2005) Photooxidative Degradation of Acid Red 27 in a Tubular Continuous-Flow Photoreactor: Influence of Operational Parameters and Mineralization Products. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 118, 155-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.10.007
[12]	Liu, P., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Lu, G., Cui, H. and Zhang, W. (2013) Induced Effects of Advanced Oxidation Processes. Scientific Reports, 4, 1-4.
[13]	Herrmann, J.M., Guillard, C., Arguello, M., Agüera, A., Tejedor, A., Piedra, L. and Alba, A.F. (1999) Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticide Pirimiphos-Methyl: Determination of the Reaction Pathway and Identification of Intermediate Products by Various Analytical Methods. Catalysis Today, 54, 353-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00196-0
[14]	Lhomme, L., Brosillon, S., Wolbert, D. and Dussaud, J. (2005) Photocatalytic Degradation of a Phenylurea, Chlortoluron, in Water Using an Industrial Titanium Dioxide Coated Media. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 61, 227-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.06.002
[15]	Comninellis, C. and Pulgarin, C. (1991) Anodic Oxidation of Phenol for Waste Water Treatment. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 21, 703-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01034049
[16]	Boye, B., Dieng, M.M. and Brillas, E. (2002) Degradation of Herbicide 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid by Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation Methods. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3030-3035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0103391
[17]	Hanna, K., Chiron, S. and Oturan, M. (2005) Coupling Enhanced Water Solubilization with Cyclodextrin to Indirect Electrochemical Treatment for Pentachlorophenol Contaminated Soil Remediation. Water Research, 39, 2763-2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.057
[18]	Bellakhal, N., Dachraoui, M., Oturan, N. and Oturan, M.A. (2006) Degradation of Tartrazine in Water by Electro-Fenton Process. Journal de la société chimique de Tunisie, 8, 223-228.
[19]	Hammami, S., Bellakhal, N., Oturan, N., Oturan, M.A. and Dachraoui, M. (2008) Degradation of Acid Orange 7 by Electrochemically Generated OH-Radicals in Acidic Aqueous Medium Using a Boron-Doped Diamond or Platinum Anode: A Mechanistic Study. Chemosphere, 73, 678-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.010
[20]	Vinodgopal, K. and Peller, J. (2013) Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Advanced Oxidation Processes for Textile Dyes: A Comparison of the Radiolytic and Sonolytic Degradation of the Monoazo Dye Acid Orange 7. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29, 307-316.
[21]	Nam, K., Rodriguez, W. and Kukor, J.J. (2001) Enhanced Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Biodegradation Combined with a Modified Fenton Reaction. Chemosphere, 45, 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00051-0
[22]	Luo, M., Bowden, D. and Brimblecombe, P. (2009) Catalytic Property of Fe-Al Pillared Clay for Fenton Oxidation of Phenol by H2O2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 85, 201-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.013
[23]	Gonçalves, D.B., Teixeira, J.A., Bazzolli, D.M., Queiroz, M.V. and Fernandes, E. (2012) Use of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Production of Pectinases by Recombinant Penicillium griseoroseum T20. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 1, 140-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2011.09.002
[24]	Khataee, A.R., Zarei, M. and Moradkhannejhad, L. (2010) Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Azo Dye Removal by Oxalate Catalyzed Photoelectro-Fenton Process Using Carbon Nanotube-PTFE Cathode. Desalination, 258, 112-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.028
[25]	Ravikumar, K., Ramalingam, S., Krishnan, S. and Balu, K. (2006) Application of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Process Variables for Reactive Red and Acid Brown Dye Removal Using a Novel Adsorbent. Dyes and Pigments, 70, 18-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.02.004
[26]	Sayon, E. (2006) Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Active Carbon from Alkaline Impregnated Hazelnut Shell: An Optimization Study on Removal of Cu2+ from Aqueous Solution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 115, 213-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.09.024
[27]	Zhao, D., Ding, C., Wu, C. and Xu, X. (2012) Kinetics of Ultrasound-Enhanced Oxidation of p-Nitrophenol by Fenton’s Reagent. Energy Procedia: 2012 International Conference on Future Energy, Environment, and Materials, 16, 146-150.
[28]	Hamzaoui, A., Jamoussi, B. and M’nif, A. (2008) Lithium Recovery from Highly Concentrated Solutions: Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Process Parameters Optimization. Hydrometallurgy, 90, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.09.005
[29]	Missaoui, I., Sayedi, L., Jamoussi, B. and Ben Hassine, B. (2009) Response Surface Optimization for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Samples by Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 47, 257-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.4.257
[30]	Myer, R. and Montgomery, D.C. (2002) Response Surface Methodology. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
[31]	Luster, J., Kalbitz, K., Lennartz, B. and Rinklebe, J. (2014) Properties, Processes and Ecological Functions of Floodplain, Peatland, and Paddy Soils. Geoderma, 228-229, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.010
[32]	Baccar, A., Batis, N. and Ghorbel, A. (2005) Facts of Parameters and Protocol Preparation on Structural and Textural Properties of Iron (III) Intercalated Clay. Journal de la société chimique de Tunisie, 7, 173-186.