Linking Participation and Built Environment Education in Urban Planning Processes

Angela Million^*, Anna Juliane Heinrich

Chair of Urban Design & Urban Development, Department of Urban & Regional Planning (ISR), Faculty VI Planning - Building - Environment, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.

DOI: 10.4236/cus.2014.24032                

Abstract

The article reflects in theory and practice on links between built environment education (BEE) and youth participation in urban planning processes. Taking into account tempirical knowledge on linkages between participation and educational processes, the findings show that BEE is an important way to qualify current practices of participation. The theoretical discussion is reflected on the EU-project “Fantasy Design—Children in Community” and the national German youth workshop “Young Cities Now! Youth. City. Laboratory”. The authors conclude that a debate on the inclusion of BEE in participation processes is necessary to support young people to participate in urban planning processes. But further investigation is needed to provide empirical evidence on impacts and outcomes and to discuss contradictions.

Keywords

Built Environment Education, Design Education, Participatory Design, Youth Participation, Urban Planning

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Adams, E. (2006) Shaping Places. Built Environment Design Education. Kent: Kent Architecture Centre.
[2]	Application Form to the EU Culture Programme: Education and Culture DG Application Fantasy Design in Community. Un- published Manuscript.
[3]	BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (Ed.) (2010a). Adolescents in Urban Neighbourhoods: Pilot Pro- jects. http://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/DE/FP/ExWoSt/Forschungsfelder/2009/JugendlicheImStadtquartier/ Jugendbeteiligung/04_Modellvorhaben_B.html?nn=430172
[4]	BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (Ed.) (2010b). Adolescents in Urban Neighbourhoods: Young Cities now! http://www.bbsr.bund.de/cln_016/nn_21888/BBSR/DE/FP/ExWoSt/Forschungsfelder/2010 /JugendlicheImStadtquartier/Modellvorhaben/YoungCitiesNow.html
[5]	BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (Ed.) (2009a). Jugendliche im Stadtquartier. Katalog der Modellvorhaben [Adolescents in Urban Neighbourhoods. Catalogue of Pilot Projects]. Berlin: BBSR.
[6]	BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (Ed.) (2009b). Innovationen für familien- und altengerechte Stadtquartiere. Ergebnisse des Forschungsfeldes [Innovations for Quarters Suited for Families and Elderly People. Results from the Research Field]. ExWoSt-Informationen, 32, 21-23.
[7]	BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung [Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development] (Ed.) (2012). Adolescents in Urban Neighbourhoods: Youth Participation. http://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/EN/RP/ExWoSt/FieldsOfResearch/TeenagersUrbanQuarter/Youth Participation/03_Results.html;jsessionid=CF2F4442BEE3D3D4373FF5C107D47A02.live1043?nn=386162
[8]	Bertelsmann Stiftung (Ed.) (2007) Mehr Partizipation Wagen. Argumente für eine verst?rkte Beteiligung von Kindern und Jugendlichen [Venture More Participation. Reasons for a Reinforced Participation of Children and Adolescents]. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
[9]	Bertelsmann Stiftung (Ed.) (2009) Mitwirkung (er)leben. Handbuch zur Durchführung von Beteiligungsprojekten mit Kindern und Jugendlichen [Effect Action. A Handbook on the Implementation of Participation Projects for Children and Adolescents] (2nd ed.). Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
[10]	Betz, T., Gaiser, W., & Pluto, L. (2011) Partizipation von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Diskussionsstr?nge, Argumentationslinien, Perspektiven [Participation of Children and Adolescents. Strands of Discussion, Lines of Argumentation, Perspectives]. In T. Betz, W. Gaiser, & L. Pluto (Eds.), Partizipation von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Forschungsergebnisse und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen (pp. 1-19). Schwalbach/Ts.: Wochenschau-Verlag.
[11]	Betz, T., Gaiser, W., & Pluto, L. (Eds.) (2011). Partizipation von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Forschungsergebnisse und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen (Participation of Children and Adolescents. Research Results and Societal Challenges). Schwalbach/Ts.: Wochenschau-Verlag.
[12]	BJK. Bundesjugendkuratorium (Federal Youth Panel) (Ed.) (2009). Partizipation von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (Participation of Children and Adolescents. Contrast between Ideal and Reality). München: BJK.
[13]	BMVBS. Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development) (Ed.) (2010). Jugendmacht Stadt. Junge Impulse für die Stadtentwicklung (Youth Builds Cities. Young Impulses for Urban Development). Berlin: BMVBS.
[14]	Christensen, P. M., & O’Brien, M. (2003). Children in the City, Home, Neighborhood and Community. London and New York: Routledge.
[15]	Düx, W., & Sass, E. (2005). Lernen in informellen Kontexten. Lernpotentiale in Settings des freiwilligen Engagements (Learning in Informal Settings. Learning Potential of Voluntary Engagement). Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft (Journal for Studies in Education), 8, 394-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11618-005-0147-9
[16]	Engaging Places Network (Ed.) (2012a). What Is Built Environment Education All about? http://www.engagingplaces.org.uk/teaching%20resources/art62811
[17]	Engaging Places Network (Ed.) (2012b). Built Environment Education. http://www.engagingplaces.org.uk/about%20us/art63734
[18]	Francis, M., & Lorenzo, R. (2002). Seven Realms of Children’s Participation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 157-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0248
[19]	Hafeneger, B. (2005). Beteiligung, Partizipation und bürgerschaftliches Engagement (Participation and Voluntary Engagement). In B. Hafeneger, M. M. Jansen, & T. Niebling (Eds.), Kinder-und Jugendpartizipation. Im Spannungsfeld von Interessen und Akteuren (Participation of Children and Adolescents. Between Interests and Stakeholders) (pp. 11-40). Opladen: Barbara Budrich.
[20]	Hafeneger, B., Jansen, M. M., & Niebling, T. (Eds.) (2005). Kinder-und Jugendpartizipation. Im Spannungsfeld von Interessen und Akteuren (Participation of Children and Adolescents. Between Interests and Stakeholders). Opladen: Barbara Budrich.
[21]	Hart, R. A. (1997). Children’s Participation. The Theory and Practice of Involving Young Citizens in Community Development and Environmental Care. New York and London: UNICEF.
[22]	Hart, R. A. (2008). Stepping Back from “The Ladder”: Reflections on a Model of Participatory Work with Children. In A. Reid, B. B. Jensen, J. Nikel, & V. Simovska (Eds.), Participation and Learning. Perspectives on Education and the Environment, Health and Sustainability (pp. 19-31). New York: Springer.
[23]	Heinrich, A. J. (2010). Young Cities Now! Qualifizierung der Jugendbeteiligung aus der Sicht von Jugendlichen. Eine qualitative Auswertung von Arbeitsunterlagen des Workshops “Young Cities Now!” zum Thema Jugendbeteiligung (Young Cities Now! Qualification of Youth Participation from Adolescent’s Viewpoint. A Qualitative Analysis of Working Material from the Workshop “Young Cities Now!”). Unpublished Manuscript.
[24]	JAS. Jugend Architektur Stadt e. V. (Youth Architecture City) (Ed.) (2009). Young Cities Now! Jugend. Stadt. Labor. Ein Manifest von Jugendlichen für jugendgerechte und lebenswerte St?dte (Young Cities Now! Youth. City. Laboratory. A Manifesto for Youth-Friendly and Livable Cities). http://youngcitiesnow.de/manifest/
[25]	Kapanen, H., & Svinhufvud, L. (2011). Fantasy Design in Community. Helsinki: Design Museum Helsinki.
[26]	Knauer, R., & Sturzenhecker, B. (2005). Partizipation im Jugendalter (Participation in Adolescents]. In B. Hafeneger, M. M. Jansen, & T. Niebling (Eds.), Kinder- und Jugendpartizipation. Im Spannungsfeld von Interessen und Akteuren (Participation of Children and Adolescents. Between Interests and Stakeholders) (pp. 63-94). Opladen: Barbara Budrich.
[27]	Krings, E., & Hasreiter, J. (1995). Gestaltung des Alltags. Kulturelle Bildung in Design and Baukultur. (Design of the Daily Life. Cultural Education in Design and Building Culture). Bonn: Deutscher Kulturrat.
[28]	Lerner, R. M., Alberts, A. E., & Bobek, D. L. (2007). Engagierte Jugend—Lebendige Gesellschaft. M?glichkeiten zur St?rkung von Demokratie und sozialer Gerechtigkeit durch positive Jugendentwicklung (Engaged Youth—Lively Society. Opportunities to Strengthen Democracy and Social Justice through Positive Youth Development). Bielefeld: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
[29]	Lundy, L. (2007). “Voice” Is Not Enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, 33, 927-942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657033
[30]	Mayring, P. (2008). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken (10th ed.). Weinheim, Basel: Beltz Verlag.
[31]	Meinhold-Henschel, S. (2007a). R?ume er?ffnen im demokratischen Gemeinwesen (Open up Opportunities in a Democratic Community). In Bertelsmann Stiftung (Ed.), Kinder- und Jugendbeteiligung in Deutschland. Entwicklungsstand und Handlungsans?tze (Participation of Children and Adolescents. State of Development and Actions Approaches) (pp. 9-17). Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
[32]	Meinhold-Henschel, S. (2007b). Qualit?tsanforderungen an Beteiligungsvorhaben (Standards for Participation Projects]. In Bertelsmann Stiftung (Ed.), Kinder- und Jugendbeteiligung in Deutschland. Entwicklungsstand und Handlungsans?tze (Participation of Children and Adolescents. State of Development and Actions Approaches) (pp. 221-245). Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
[33]	Moser, S. (2010). Beteiligt sein. Partizipation aus der Sicht von Jugendlichen (Participation from Adolescent’s Viewpoint). Wiesbaden: VS Verlagfür Sozialwissenschaften.
[34]	Mullahey, R., Susskind, Y., & Checkoway, B. (1999). Youth Participation in Community Planning. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.
[35]	Niemann, L., Schauz, T., Andreas, V., Uttke, ?A., Heinrich, A. J., & Edelhoff, S. (Authors); Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (Ed.) (2013). Kompass Jugendliche und Stadtentwicklung (Compass Youth and Urban Development). Berlin: Bundesministerium fu?r Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung [BMVBS].
[36]	Prein, G., Sass, E., & Züchner, I. (2009). Lernen im freiwilligen Engagement und gesellschaftliche Partizipation (Learning through Voluntary Engagement and Societal Participation). Zeitschriftfür Erziehungswissenschaft (Journal for Studies in Education), 12, 529-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11618-009-0086-y
[37]	R?s?nen, J. (2006). Architecture Education in Finland. In E. Laaksonen, & J. R?s?nen (Eds.), Play + Space = Playce. Architecture Education for Children and Young People (pp. 13-17). Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Academy.
[38]	UIA, International Union of Architects (Ed.) (2008). Built Environment Education Guidelines (2nd ed.). http://www.riai.ie/public/downloads/uia_ed_guidelines.pdf
[39]	Uttke, A. (2012). Towards the Future Design and Development of Cities with Built Environment Education. Experiences of Scale, Methods, and Outcomes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 45, 3-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.537
[40]	Uttke, A., & Heinrich, A. J. (2012) Evaluation of the International Project Fantasy Design in Community. Unpublished Manuscript.
[41]	Winklhofer, U., & Zinser, C. (2008). Jugend und gesellschaftliche Partizipation (Youth and Societal Participation). In G. Bingel, A. Nordmann, & R. Münchmeier (Eds.), Die Gesellschaft und ihre Jugend. Strukturbedingungen jugendlicher Lebenslagen (The Society and Its Youth. Structural Conditions of Adolescent’s Situation) (pp. 71-93). Opladen and Farmington Hills, MI: Barbara Budrich.