Advances in Transgenic Vegetable and Fruit Breeding

Abstract

Vegetables and fruits are grown worldwide and play an important role in human diets because they provide vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Vegetables and fruits are also associated with improvement of gastrointestinal health, good vision, and reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, chronic diseases such as diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Vegetable and fruit production suffers from many biotic stresses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds and requires high amounts of plant protection products per hectare. United States vegetables farmers are benefiting from growing transgenic squash cultivars resistant to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus, which were deregulated and commercialized since 1996. Bt-sweet corn has also proven effective for control of some lepidopteran species and continues to be accepted in the fresh market in the USA, and Bt-fresh-market sweet corn hybrids are released almost every year. Likewise, transgenic Bt-eggplant bred to reduce pesticide use is now grown by farmers in Bangladesh. Transgenic papaya cultivars carrying the coat-protein gene provide effective protection against Papaya ring spot virus elsewhere. The transgenic “Honey Sweet” plum cultivar provides an interesting germplasm source for Plum pox virus control. Enhanced host plant resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, which causes the devastating banana Xanthomonas wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, was achieved by plant genetic engineering. There are other vegetable and fruit crops in the pipeline that have been genetically modified to enhance their host plant resistance to insects and plant pathogens, to show herbicide tolerance, and to improve features such as slow ripening that extends the shelf-life of the produce. Consumers could benefit further from eating more nutritious transgenic vegetables and fruits. Transgenic plant breeding therefore provides genetically enhanced seed embedded technology that contributes to integrated pest management in horticulture by reducing pesticide sprays as well as improving food safety by minimizing pesticide residues. Furthermore, herbicide-tolerant transgenic crops can help reducing plough in fields, thereby saving fuel because of less tractor use, which also protects the structure of the soil by reducing its erosion. Transgenic vegetable and fruit crops could make important contributions to sustainable vegetable production and for more nutritious and healthy food. Countries vary, however, in their market standards of acceptance of transgenic crops. Biotechnology products will be successful if clear advantages and safety are demonstrated to both growers and consumers.


Share and Cite:

Silva Dias, J. and Ortiz, R. (2014) Advances in Transgenic Vegetable and Fruit Breeding. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1448-1467. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.514156.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Dias, J.S. and Ryder, E. (2011) World Vegetable Industry: Production, Breeding, Trends. Horticultural Reviews, 38, 299-356.
[2] Keatinge, J.D.H., Waliyar, F., Jammadass, R.H., Moustafa, A., Andrade, M., Drechsel, P., Hughes, J.A., Kardivel, P. and Luther. K. (2010) Re-Learning Old Lessons for the Future of Food: By Bread Alone No Longer—Diversifying Diets with Fruit and Vegetables. Crop Science, 50, S51-S62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0528
[3] Kays, S.J. and Dias J.S. (1995) Common Names of Commercially Cultivated Vegetables of the World in 15 Languages. Economic Botany, 49, 115-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02862917
[4] Kays, S.J. (2011) Cultivated Vegetables of the World: A Multilingual Onomasticon. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-720-2
[5] Krattinger, A. (1998) The Importance of Ag-Biotech to Global Prosperity. ISAAA Briefs No. 6, The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY, 11.
[6] Pimentel, D. (1997) Techniques for Reducing Pesticide Use. Economic and Environmental Benefits. Wiley, New York.
[7] Dias, J.S. and Ortiz, R. (2012) Transgenic Vegetable Crops: Progress, Potentials and Prospects. Plant Breeding Reviews, 35, 151-246.
[8] Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (2001) Fact Sheet: Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer. AVRDC, Tainan.
[9] Choudhary, B. and Gaur, K. (2009) The Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India. ISAAA Brief No. 38, International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY.
[10] Siritunga, D. and Sayre, R.T. (2003) Generation of Cyanogen-Free Transgenic Cassava. Planta, 217, 367-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1005-8
[11] Siritunga, D. and Sayre, R.T. (2004) Engineering Cyanogen Synthesis and Turnover in Cassava (Manihot esculenta). Plant Molecular Biology, 56, 661-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-3415-9
[12] Siritunga, D., Arias-Garzon, D., White, W. and Sayre, R.T. (2004) Over-Expression of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Transgenic Cassava Roots Accelerates Cyanogenesis and Food Detoxification. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2, 37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00047.x
[13] Kramer, M.G. and Redenbaugh, K. (1994) Commercialization of a Tomato with an Antisense Polygalacturonase Gene: The FLAVR SAVR(tm) Tomato Story. Euphytica, 79, 293-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022530
[14] Hamilton, A., Lycett, G. and Grierson, D. (1990) Antisense Gene That Inhibits Synthesis of the Hormone Ethylene in Transgenic Plants. Nature, 346, 284-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346284a0
[15] Oeller, P.W., Wong, L.M., Taylor, L.P., Pike, D.A. and Theologis, A. (1991) Reversible Inhibition of Tomato Fruit Senescence by Antisense 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase. Science, 254, 437-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1925603
[16] Klee, H.J., Hayford, M.B., Kretzmer, K.A., Barry, G.F. and Kishore, G.M. (1991) Control of Ethylene Synthesis by Expression of a Bacterial Enzyme in Transgenic Tomato Plants. Plant Cell, 3, 1187-1193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.3.11.1187
[17] Good, X., Kellogg, J.A., Wagoner, W., Langhoff, D., Matsumura, W. and Bestwick, R.K. (1994) Reduced Ethylene Synthesis by Transgenic Tomatoes Expressing S-Adenosylmethionine Hydrolase. Plant Molecular Biology, 26, 781-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028848
[18] Gianesi, L. and Carpenter, J. (1999) Agricultural Biotechnology: Insect Control Benefits. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, Washington DC.
[19] Qaim, M. (1998) Transgenic Virus Resistance Potatoes in Mexico: Potential Social Implications of North-South Biotechnology Transfer. ISAAA Briefing No. 7, International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY.
[20] Thomas, P.E., Kaniewski, W.K. and Lawson, E.C. (1997) Reduced Field Spread of Potato Virus in Potatoes Transformed with the Potato Leafroll Virus Coat Protein Gene. Plant Disease, 81, 1447-1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1447
[21] Thornton, M. (2003) The Rise and Fall of New Leaf Potatoes. NABC Report, 15, 235-243.
[22] Grafius, E.J. and Douches, D.S. (2008) The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Potato Cultivars in IPM. In: Romeis, J., Shelton, A.M. and Kennedy, G.G., Eds., Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, Springer Science + Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, 195-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_7
[23] Guenthner, J.F. (2002) Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Potatoes. American Journal of Potato Research, 79, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02870167
[24] Visser, D. (2005) Guide to Potato Pests and Their Natural Enemies in South Africa. ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria.
[25] Douches, D.S. and Grafius, E.J. (2005) Transformation for Insect Resistance. In: Razdan, M.K. and Mattoo, A.K., Eds., Genetic Improvement of Solanaceous Crops. Vol. 1: Potato, Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, Plymouth, UK, 235- 266.
[26] Douches, D.S., Pett, W., Santos, F., Coombs, J., Grafius, E., Li, W., Metry, E.A., Nasr El-Din, T. and Madkour, M. (2004) Field and Storage Testing Bt Potatoes for Resistance to Potato Tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1425-1431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.4.1425
[27] Douches, D.S., Brink, J.A., Quemada, H., Pett, W., Koch, M., Visser, D., Maredia, K. and Zarka, K. (2007) Commercialization of Potato Tuber Worm Resistant Potatoes in South Africa. Proceedings of 6th World Potato Congress, Boise, 20-26 August 2006.
http://www.potatocongress.org/congress/proceedings-2006/
[28] Douches, D.S., Brink, J.A., Quemada, H., Pett, W., Koch, M., Visser, D., Maredia, K. and Zarka, K. (2008) Commercialization of Potato Tuber Moth Resistant Potatoes in South Africa. In: Kroschel, J. and Lacey, L.A., Eds., Integrated Pest Management for the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)—Potato Pest of Global Importance, Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10, Margraf Publishers GmbH, Weikersheim, 139-147.
[29] Cooper, S.G., Douches, D.S., Zarkas, K. and Grafius, E.J. (2009) Enhanced Resistance to Control Potato Tuberworm by Combining Engineered Resistance, Avidin, and Natural Resistance Derived from Solanum chacoense. American Journal of Potato Research, 86, 24-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-008-9057-8
[30] Celis, B.C., Scurrah, M., Cowgill, S., Chumbiauca, S., Green, J., Franco, J., Main, G., Kiezebrink, D., Visser, R. and Atkinson, H.J. (2004) Environmental Biosafety and Transgenic Potato in a Centre of This Crop’s Diversity. Nature, 432, 222-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03048
[31] Scurrah, M., Celis-Gamboa, C., Chumbiauca, S., Salas, A. and Visser, R.G.F. (2008) Hybridization between Wild and Cultivated Potato Species in the Peruvian Andes and Biosafety Implications for Deployment of GM Potatoes. Euphytica, 164, 881-892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9641-x
[32] ISAAA (2008) Bt Brinjal in India. Pocket K 35. International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY.
[33] Krishna, V.V. and Qaim, M. (2008) Potential Impacts of Bt Eggplant on Farmers’ Health in India. Agricultural Economics, 38, 167-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00290.x
[34] Krishna, V.V. and Qaim, M. (2007) Estimating the Adoption of Bt Eggplant in India: Who Benefits from Public-Private Partnership? Food Policy, 32, 523-543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.11.002
[35] Kolady, D. and Lesser, W. (2008) Can Owners Afford Humanitarian Donations in Agbiotech—The Case of Genetically Engineered Eggplant in India. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 5.
http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol11/issue2/full/5/
[36] Kameswara-Rao, C. (2010) Moratorium on Bt Brinjal: A Review of the Order of the Minister of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, Bangalore.
[37] Kinetz, E. (2010) India Halts Genetically Modified Eggplant Release. Greenbio.
http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2011022982_apasindiagmfood.html
[38] Jayaraman, K. (2010) Bt Brinjal Splits Indian Cabinet. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0410-296
[39] Choudhary, B., Nasiruddin, K.M. and Gaur, K. (2014) The Status of Commercialized Bt Brinjal in Bangladesh. ISAAA Brief No. 47, International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY.
[40] Gianessi, L.P., Silvers, C.S., Sankula, S. and Carpenter, J.E. (2002) Virus Resistant Squash. In: Plant Biotechnology: Current and Potential Impact for Improving Pest Management in US Agriculture. An Analysis of 40 Case Studies, National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy, Washington, DC, 75.
[41] Gaba, V., Zelcer, A. and Gal-On, A. (2004) Cucurbit Biotechnology—The Importance of Virus Resistance. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 40, 346-358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/IVP2004554
[42] Ochoa, J.P.A., Dainello, F., Pike, L.M. and Drews, D. (1995) Field Performance Comparison of Two Transgenic Summer Squash Hybrids to Their Parental Hybrid Lineage. HortScience, 30, 492-493.
[43] Clough, G.H. and Hamm, P.B. (1995) Coat Protein Transgenic Resistance to Watermelon Mosaic and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Squash and Cantaloupe. Plant Disease, 79, 107-1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-79-1107
[44] Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D. (1995) Resistance of Transgenic Squash Pavo ZW-20 Expressing the Coat Protein Genes of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 to Mixed Infections by Both Potyviruses. BioTechnology, 13, 1466-1473.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1295-1466
[45] Tricoli, D.M., Carney, K.J., Russell, P.F., McMaster, J.R., Groff, D.W., Hadden, K.C., Himmel, P.T., Hubbard, J.P., Boeshore, M.L. and Quemada H.D. (1995) Field Evaluation of Transgenic Squash Containing Single or Multiple Virus Coat Protein Gene Constructs for Resistance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2, and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus. BioTechnology, 13, 1458-1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1295-1458
[46] Fuchs, M., Tricoli, D.M., McMaster, J.R., Carney, K.J., Schesser, M., McFerson, J.R. and Gonsalves, D. (1998) Comparative Virus Resistance and Fruit Yield of Transgenic Squash with Single and Multiple Coat Protein Genes. Plant Disease, 82, 1350-1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1350
[47] Schultheis, J.R. and Walters, S.A. (1998) Yield and Virus Resistance of Summer Squash Cultivars and Breeding Lines in North Carolina. HortScience, 8, 31-39.
[48] Shankula, S. (2006) Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2005. http://www.ncfap.org/
[49] Lynch, R., Wiseman, B., Sumner, H., Plaisted, D. and Warnick D. (1999) Management of Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Injury on a Sweet Corn Hybrid Expressing a cryIA (b) Gene. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 1217-1222.
[50] Musser, F.R. and Shelton, A.M. (2003) Bt Sweet Corn and Selective Insecticides: Their Impacts on Sweet Corn Pests and Predators. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96, 71-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.71
[51] Burkness, E.C., Hutchison, W.D., Bolin, P.C., Bartels, D.W., Warnock, D.F. and Davis, D.W. (2001) Field Efficacy of Sweet Corn Hybrids Expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin for Management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 197-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.197
[52] Hassel, R. and Shepard, B.M. (2002) Insect Population on Bacillus thuringiensis Transgenic Sweet Corn. Journal of Entomological Science, 37, 285-292.
[53] Speese, I.J., Kuhar, T.P., Bratsch, A.D., Nault, B.A., Barlow, V.M., Cordero, R.J. and Shen, Z. (2005) Efficacy and Economics of Fresh-Market Bt Transgenic Sweet Corn in Virginia. Crop Protection, 24, 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.06.008
[54] Rose, R. and Dively, G.P. (2007) Effects of Insecticide-Treated and Lepidopteran-Active Bt Transgenic Sweet Corn on the Abundance and Diversity of Arthropods. Environmental Entomology, 36, 1254-1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1254:EOIALB]2.0.CO;2
[55] NASS (2007) Vegetables: 2006 Annual Summary. National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington DC.
[56] Headrick, J. (2011) The Buzz on Sweet Corn. http://monsantoblog.com/2011/11/08/the-buzz-on-sweet-corn/
[57] Stuart, D. (2011) Biotech Sweet Corn Varieties Deliver Sustainable Benefits to Growers. Monsanto Newsroom, 8/8/2011.
http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/Pages/gmo-sweet-corn-variety-coming-soon.aspx
[58] Cordero, R., Morjan, W., Fabellar, A., Harty, J. and Subere, C.V. (2011) Potential Impact of Biotech Sweet Corn (MON 89034 × MON 88017) on Pest Management in the Southern US. Proceedings of the 2011 ASHS Annual Conference, Waikoloa, 25-28 September 2011, S288.
http://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2011/webprogram/Paper5706.html
[59] Lius, S., Manshardt, R.M., Fitch, M.M.M., Slightom, J.L., Sanford, J.C. and Gonsalves, D. (1997) Pathogen-Derived Resistance Provides Papaya with Effective Protection against Papaya Ringspot Virus. Molecular Breeding, 3, 161-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009614508659
[60] Susuki, Y.I., Tripathi, S. and Gonsalves, D. (2007) Virus-Resistant Transgenic Papaya: Commercial Development and Regulatory and Environmental Issues. In: Punka, Z.K., De Boer, S.H. and Sanfa?on, H., Eds., Biotechnology and Plant Disease Mmanagement, CAB International, Wallinford, 436-461.
[61] Shelton, A.M. and Badenes-Perez, F.R. (2006) Concept and Applications of Trap Cropping in Pest Management. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 285-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959
[62] Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D. (2007) Safety of Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants Two Decades after Their Introduction: Lessons from Realistic Field Risk Assessment Studies. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 45, 173-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094434
[63] Ming, R., Hou, S., Feng, Y., Yu, Q., Dionne-Laporte, A., Saw, J.H., Senin, P., Wang, W., Ly, B.V., Lewis, K.L.T., Salzberg, S.L., Feng, L., Jones, M.R., Skelton1, R.L., Murray, J.E., Chen, C., Qian, W., Shen, J., Du, P., Eustice1, M., Tong, E., Tang, H., Lyons, E., Paull, R.E., Michael, T.P., Wall, K., Rice, D.W., Albert, H., Wang, M.L., Zhu, Y.J., Schatz, M., Nagarajan, N., Acob, R.A., Guan, P., Blas, A., Wai1, C.M., Ackerman, C.M., Ren, Y., Liu, C., Wang, J., Wang, J., Na, J.K., Shakirov, E.V., Haas, B., Thimmapuram, J., Nelson, D., Wang, X., Bowers, J.E., Gschwend, A.R., Delcher, A.L., Singh, R., Suzuki, J.Y., Tripathi, S., Neupane, K., Wei, H., Irikura, B., Paidi, M., Jiang, N., Zhang, W., Presting, G., Windsor, A., Navajas-Pérez, R.N., Torres, M.J., Feltus, F.A., Porter, B., Li, Y., Burroughs, A.M., Luo, M.C., Liu, L., Christopher, D.A., Mount, S.M., Moore, P.H., Sugimura, T., Jiang, J., Schuler, M.A., Friedman, V., Mitchell-Olds, T., Shippen, D.E., de Pamphilis, C.W., Palmer, J.D., Freeling, M., Paterson, A.H., Gonsalves, D., Wang, L. and Alam, M. (2008) The Draft Genome of the Transgenic Tropical Fruit Tree Papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus). Nature, 452, 991-996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06856
[64] Scorza, R., Callahan, A., Dardick, C., Cambra, M., Polak, J., Ravelonandro, M., Zagrai, I. and Malinowski, T. (1998) “Honey Sweet”—A Transgenic Plum Pox Virus Resistant Plum—From Laboratory and Experimental Field Plots to Regulatory Approval. Acta Horticulturae, 974, 57-63.
[65] Ravelonandro, M., Monsion, M., Teycheney, P.Y., Delbos, R. and Dunez, J. (1992) Construction of a Chimeric Viral Gene Expressing Plum Pox Virus Coat Protein. Gene, 120, 167-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(92)90090-C
[66] Hily, J.-M., Scorza, R., Malinowski, T., Zawadzka, B. and Ravelonandro, M. (2004) Stability of Gene Silencing-Based Resistance to Plum Pox Virus in Transgenic Plum (Prunus domestica L.) under Field Conditions. Transgenic Research, 13, 427-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-004-8702-3
[67] Malinowski, T., Cambra, M., Capote, N., Zawadzka, B., Gorris, M.T., Scorza, R. and Ravelonandro, M. (2006) Field Trials of Plum Clones Transformed with the Plum Pox Virus Coat Protein (PPV-CP) Gene. Plant Disease, 90, 1012- 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-1012
[68] Polak, J., Pivalova, J., Kundu, J.K., Jokes, M., Scorza, R. and Ravelonandro, M. (2008) Behavior of Transgenic Plum Pox Virus-Resistant Prunus domestica L. Clone C5 Grown in the Open Field under a High and Permanent Infection Pressure of the PPV-Rec Strain. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90, S1.33-S1.36.
[69] Ravelonandro, M., Scorza, R., Renaud, R. and Salesses, G. (1998) Transgenic Plums Resistant to Plum Pox Virus Infection and Preliminary Results of Cross-Hybridization. Acta Horticulturae, 478, 67-71.
[70] Scorza, R., Callahan, A., Levy, L., Damsteegt, V. and Ravelonandro, M. (1998) Transferring Potyvirus Coat Protein Genes through Hybridization of Transgenic Plants to Produce Plum Pox Virus Resistant Plums (Prunus domestica L.). Acta Horticulturae, 472, 421-425.
[71] Food and Agricultural Organization (2009) Agriculture Data. FAO, Rome. http://faostat.fao.org
[72] Tripathi, L., Mwaka, H., Tripathi, J.N. and Tushemereirwe, W. (2010) Expression of Sweet Pepper Hrap Gene in Banana Enhances Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum. Molecular Plant Pathology, 11, 721-731.
[73] Tripathi, L., Tripathi, J.N., Kiggundu, A., Korie, S., Shotkoski, F. and Tushemereirwe, W.K. (2014) Field Trial of Xanthomonas Wilt Disease-Resistant Bananas in East Africa. Nature Biotechnology, 32, 868-870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3007
[74] Tripathi, L. (2012) Transgenics in Crop Improvement Research at IITA. IITA Research for Development (R4D) Review, 8, 58-60.
[75] Romer, S., Fraser, P.D., Kiano, J.W., Shipton, C.A., Misawa, N., Schuch, W. and Bramley, P.M. (2000) Elevation of the Provitamin A Content of Transgenic Tomato Plants. Nature Biotechnology, 18, 666-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/76523
[76] Fraser, P.D., Romer, S., Shipton, C.A., Mills, P.B., Kiano, K.W., Misawa, N., Drake, R.G., Schuch, W. and Bramley, P.M. (2002) Evaluation of Transgenic Tomato Plants Expressing an Additional Phytoene Synthase in a Fruit Specific Manner. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 1092-1097.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.241374598
[77] Rosati, C., Aquilani, R., Dharmapuri, S., Pallara, P., Marusic, C., Tavazza, R., Bouvier, F., Camara, B. and Giuliano, G. (2000) Metabolic Engineering of Beta-Carotene and Lycopene Content in Tomato Fruit. Plant Journal, 24, 413-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00880.x
[78] Lu, S., van Eck, J., Zhou, X., Lopez, A.B., O’Halloran, D.M., Cosman, K.M., Conlin, B.J., Paolillo, D.J., Garvin, D.F., Vrebalov, J., Kochian, L.V., Kupper, H., Earle, E.D., Cao, J. and Li, L. (2006) The Cauliflower Or Gene Encodes a DnaJ Cysteine-Rich Domain-Containing Protein That Mediates High Levels of β-Carotene Accumulation. Plant Cell, 18, 3594-3605.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.106.046417
[79] Wahlroos, T., Susi, P., Solovyev, A., Dorokhov, Y., Morozov, S, Atabekov, J. and Korpela, T. (2004) Increase of Histidine Content in Brassica rapa Subsp. oleifera by Over-Expression of Histidine-Rich Fusion Proteins. Molecular Breeding, 14, 455-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-004-0902-2
[80] Cho, E.A., Lee, C.A., Kim, Y.S., Baek, S.H., Reyes, B.G. and Yun, S.J. (2005) Expression of γ-Tocopherol Methyltransferase Transgene Improves Tocopherol Composition in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Molecules and Cells, 19, 16-22.
[81] Diaz de la Garza, R.I., Quinlivan, E.P., Klaus, S.M.J., Basset, G.J.C., Gregory, J.F. and Hanson, A.D. (2004) Folate Biofortification in Tomatoes by Engineering the Pteridine Branch of Folate Synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 13720-13725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404208101
[82] Diaz de la Garza, R.I., Gregory, J.F. and Hanson, A.D. (2007) Folate Biofortification of Tomato Fruit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 4218-4222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700409104
[83] Park, S., Kim, C.K., Pike, L.M., Smith, R.H. and Hirschi, K.D. (2004) Increased Calcium in Carrots by Expression of an Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ Transporter. Molecular Breeding, 14, 275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MOLB.0000047773.20175.ae
[84] Morris, J., Hawthorne, K.M., Hotze, T., Abrams, S.A. and Hirschi, K.D. (2008) Nutritional Impact of Elevated Calcium Transport Activity in Carrots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 1431-1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709005105
[85] Zuo, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, B., Chang, X. and Ru, B. (2002) Expression of the Mouse Metallothionein Mutant ββ-cDNA in the Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.). Chinese Science Bulletin, 47, 558-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/02tb9128
[86] Schijlen, E., Ric de Vos, C.H., Jonker, H., van den Broeck, H., Molthoff, J., van Tunen, A., Martens, S. and Bovy, A. (2006) Pathway Engineering for Healthy Phytochemicals Leading to the Production of Novel Flavonoids in Tomato Fruit. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 4, 433-444.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00192.x
[87] Liu, S., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Zhong, J. and Lin, Z. (2006) High Content of Resveratrol in Lettuce Transformed with a Stilbene Synthase Gene of Partenocissus henryana. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 8082-8085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf061462k
[88] Sparrow, P.A.C., Dale, P.J. and Irwin, J.A. (2004) The Use of Phenotypic Markers to Identify Brassica oleracea Genotypes for Routine High-Throughput Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation. Plant Cell Reports, 23, 64-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-004-0818-7
[89] Braun, R.H., Morrison, S.C., Schwinn, K.E. and Christey, M.C. (2006) Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Brassica oleracea with the Lc Locus. International Association for Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Beijing, 115.
[90] Randle, W.M. and Lancaster, J.E. (2002) Sulphur Compounds in Alliums in Relation to Flavour Quality. In: Brewster, J.L., Ed., Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 329-356.
[91] Lancaster, J.E. and Collin, H.A. (1981) Presence of Alliinase in Isolated Vacuoles and of Alkyl Cysteine Sulphoxides in the Cytoplasm of Bulbs of Onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Science Letters, 22, 169-176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4211(81)90139-5
[92] Almeida, D. (2006) Manual de Culturas Hortícolas. Vol. 1, Editorial Presen?a, Lisboa.
[93] Eady, C.C., Davis, S., Farrant, J., Reader, J. and Kenel, F. (2003) Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated Transformation and Regeneration of Herbicide Resistant Onion (Allium cepa) Plants. Annals of Applied Biology, 142, 213-217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00243.x
[94] Sun, H.J., Cui, M.L., Ma, B. and Ezura, H. (2006) Functional Expression of the Taste Modifying Protein, Miraculin, in Transgenic Lettuce. FEBS Letters, 580, 620-626.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.080
[95] Bartoszewski, G., Niedziela, A., Szwacka, M. and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, K. (2003) Modification of Tomato Taste in Transgenic Plants Carrying a Thaumatin Gene from Thaumatococcus daniellii BENT. Plant Breeding, 122, 347-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00864.x
[96] Li, H.Q., Sautter, C., Potrykus, I. and Pounti-Kaerlas, J. (1996) Genetic Transformation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Nature Biotechnology, 14, 736-740.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0696-736
[97] Raemakers, C.J.J.M., Sofiari, E., Taylor, N.J., Henshaw, G.G., Jacobsen, E. and Visser. R.G.F. (1996) Production of Transgenic Cassava Plants by Particle Bombardment Using Luciferase Activity as the Selection Marker. Molecular Breeding, 2, 339-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437912
[98] Schopke, C., Taylor, N.J., Carcamo, R., Konan, N.K., Marmey, P., Henshaw, G.G., Beachy, R.N. and Fauquet, C.M. (1996) Regeneration of Transgenic Cassava Plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from Microbombarded Embryogenic Suspension Cultures. Nature Biotechnology, 14, 731-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0696-731
[99] Siritunga, D. and Sayre, R.T. (2003) Generation of Cyanogen-Free Transgenic Cassava. Planta, 217, 367-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1005-8
[100] Siritunga, D. and Sayre, R.T. (2004) Engineering Cyanogen Synthesis and Turnover in Cassava (Manihot esculenta). Plant Molecular Biology, 56, 661-669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-004-3415-9
[101] Siritunga, D., Arias-Garzon, D., White, W. and Sayre, R.T. (2004) Over-Expression of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Transgenic Cassava Roots Accelerates Cyanogenesis and Food Detoxification. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2, 37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00047.x
[102] Langridge, W.H.R. (2000) Edible Vaccines. Scientific American, 2000, 66-71.
[103] Pascual, D.W. (2007) Vaccines Are for Dinner. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 10757-10758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704516104
[104] SunilKumar, G.B., Gananpathi, T.R. and Bapat, V.A. (2007) Production of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Recombinant Plant Systems. Biotechnology Progress, 23, 523-529.
[105] McGarvey, P.B., Hammond, J., Dienelt, M.M., Hooper, D.C., Fu, Z.F., Dietzschold, B., Koprowski, H. and Michaels, F.H. (1995) Expression of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein in Transgenic Tomatoes. Bio/Technology, 13, 1484-1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1295-1484
[106] Ma, Y., Zhang, J., Lin, S.Q. and Xia, N.S. (2001) Genetic Engineering Vaccines Produced by Transgenic Plants. Journal of Xiamen University, 40, 71-77.
[107] Chen, H.F., Chang, M.H., Chiang, B.L. and Jeng, S.T. (2006) Oral Immunization of Mice Using Transgenic Tomato Fruit Expressing VP1 Protein from Enterovirus 71. Vaccine, 24, 2944-2951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.047
[108] Benner, G., Andrews, G., Byrne, W., Strachan, S., Sample, A. and Heath, D. (1999) Immune Response to Yersinia Outer Proteins and Other Yersinia pestis Antigens after Experimental Plague Infection in Mice. Infection and Immunity, 67, 1922-1928.
[109] Alvarez, M.L., Pinyerd, H.L., Crisantes, J.D., Rigano, M.M., Pinkhasov, J., Amanda, M., Walmsley, A.M., Masona, H.S. and Cardineau, G.A. (2006) Plant-Made Subunit Vaccine against Pneumonic and Bubonic Plague Is Orally Immunogenic in Mice. Vaccine, 24, 2477-2490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.057
[110] Hoheisel, G.A. and Fleischer, S.J. (2007) Coccinelids, Aphids, and Pollen in Diversified Vegetable Fields with Transgenic and Isoline Cultivars. Journal of Insect Science, 7, 1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.007.6101
[111] Leslie, T.W., Hoheisel, G.A., Biddinger, D.J., Rohr, J.R. and Fleisher S.J. (2007) Transgenes Sustain Epigeal Insect Biodiversity in Diversified Vegetable Farm Systems. Environmental Entomology, 36, 234-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[234:TSEIBI]2.0.CO;2
[112] Krimsky, S. and Wrubel, R.P. (1996) Agricultural Biotechnology and the Environment. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
[113] Wrubel, R.P. and Gressel, J. (1994) Are Herbicide Mixtures Useful for Delaying the Rapid Evolution of Resistance? A Case Study. Weed Technology, 8, 635-648.
[114] Brookes, G. and Barfoot, P. (2009) GM Crops: Global Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts 1996-2007. PG Economics, Dorchester.
[115] Ortiz, R. and Smale, M. (2007) Transgenic Crops: Pro-Poor or Pro-Rich? Chronica Horticulturae, 47, 9-12.
[116] FAO (2000) FAO Statement on Biotechnology. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
www.fao.org/biotech/stat.asp?lang=en
[117] Royal Society of London, the US National Academy of Sciences, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Science Academy, the Mexican Academy of Sciences and the Third World Academy of Sciences (2000) Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
[118] World Health Organization (2002) 20 Preguntas sobre los alimentos modificados genéticamente. WHO, Geneva. http://www.oei.es/salactsi/20oms.htm
[119] Chassy, B.M. (2002) Food Safety Evaluation of Crops Produced through Biotechnology. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21, S166-S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719261
[120] Society of Toxicology (2002) The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods Produced through Biotechnology. Society of Toxicology, Virginia. www.toxicology.org/ai/gm/GM_Food.asp
[121] British Medical Association (2004) Genetically Modified Foods and Health: A Second Interim Statement. British Medical Association, London. http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf
[122] Union of the German Academies of Science and Humanities (2006) Are There Health Hazards for the Consumers from Eating Genetically Modified Foods? Interacademy Panel Initiative on Genetically Modified Organisms, Berlin.
http://www.ilsi.org/NorthAmerica/Documents/UGASH.pdf
[123] Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (Germany) and Partners (2009) Long-Term Effects of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops on Health and the Environment (Including Biodiversity): Prioritisation of Potential Risks and Delimitation of Uncertainties. Federal Office of Consumer Protection of Food Safety, Berlin.
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/reports_studies/docs/lt_effects_report_en.pdf
[124] Ortiz, R. (2011) Revisiting the Green Revolution: Seeking Innovations for a Changing World. Chronica Horticulturae, 51, 6-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.09.020
[125] Schouten, H.J., Krens, F.A. and Jacobsen, E. (2006) Cisgenic Plants Are Similar to Traditionally Bred Plants. EMBO Reports, 8, 750-753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400769
[126] Schouten, H.J., Krens, F.A. and Jacobsen, E. (2006) Do Cisgenic Plants Warrant Less Stringent Oversight? Nature Biotechnology, 24, 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0706-753
[127] Eriksson, D., Stymne, S. and Schorring, J.K. (2014) The Slippery Slope of Cisgenesis. Nature Biotechnology, 32, 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2980
[128] Federoff, N.V. and Brown, N.M. (2004) Mendel in the Kitchen. A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
[129] Bradford, K.J., Van Deynze, A., Gutterson, N., Parrott, W. and Strauss, S.H. (2005) Regulating Transgenic Crops Sensibly: Lessons from Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Genomics. Nature Biotechnology, 23, 439-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1084

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.