Optimal Power Flow in Electrical Microgrids

Heredia Ramírez Francisco Andrés, Johann Hernandez, Edwin Rivas Trujillo

Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia.

DOI: 10.4236/epe.2014.612037                

Abstract

This paper presents in the first place, the state of art relating to the methods to solve optimal power flows (OPF) and its application in electrical microgrids. Afterwards, a mathematical algorithm based on the gradient method is proposed for the application of OPF in a low power microgrid, in order to improve the voltages profiles and consequently reduce the active power losses. Finally, the proposed algorithm is implemented in a low power microgrid to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Keywords

Optimal Power Flow, Microgrid, Gradient Method, Profile Voltages, Reduction of Losses

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Antonio, G.E. (2003) Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia. Pearson Education, Madrid.
[2]	Fernandez, G., Cesar, J., Lopez, F. and Smith, E. (2011) Modelo de flujo optimo de carga utilizando tecnicas de optimizacion. Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeon Cañas”.
[3]	Lee, Y.-D., Chang, Y.-R., Chan, C.-M. and Ho, Y.-H. (2012) Preliminary Implementation of Microgrid with Photovoltaic and Microturbine of Stand Alone Operation. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, 7-11 October 2012, 1-9.
[4]	Levron, Y., Guerero, J.M. and Beck, Y. (2013) Optimal Power Flow in Microgrids with Energy Storage. IEEE Transactionon on Power System, 28, 3226-3234.
[5]	Dall′Anese, E., Zhu, H. and Giannakis, G.B. (2013) Distributed Optimal Power Flow for Smart Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4.
[6]	Pu, W. and Lemmon, M.D. (2010) Optimal Power Flow in Microgrids Using Evente-Triggered Optimization. American Control Conference (ACC), Baltimore, 30 June-2 July 2010, 2521-2526.
[7]	Roa-Sepulveda, B.J. and Pavez-Lazo, C.A. (2001) A Solution to the Optimal Flow Using Simulated Annelating. IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference.
[8]	Sortomme, E. and El-Sharkawi, M.A. (2009) Optimal Power Flow for a System of Microgrids. Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Seattle, 15-18 March 2009, 1-5.
[9]	Magashvaran, R., Raglend, I.J., Yuvaraj, V., Rizwankhan, P.G., Vijayakumar, T. and Sudheera (2006) Implementation of Non-Traditional Optimization Techniques (PSO, CPSO, HDE) for the Optimal Load Flow Solution. TENCON 2008—2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Hyderabad, 19-21 November 2008, 1-6.
[10]	Dommel, H.W. and Tinney, W.F. (1968) Optimal Power Flow Solution. IEEE Transactionon on Power Apparatus and System, October 1968, 1866-1876.
[11]	Lopez Lezema, J.M. and Gallego Pareja, L.A. (2008) Flujo de Potencia óptimo Usando el Método del Gradiente Para la Reducción de Pérdidas en Sistemas de Potencia. Ingeniería y Ciencia, 4, 71-85.
[12]	Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R. (1995) Particle Swarm Optimization. Purde School of Engineering and Techology, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, 4, 1942-1948.
[13]	El-Dib, A.A., Youssef, H.K.M., El-Metwally, M.M. and Osman, Z. (2004) Load Flow Solution Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Cairo, 5-7 September 2004, 742-746.
[14]	Kelly, D.H. and Rashed, A.M.H. (1973) Optimal Load Flow Solution Using Lagrangian Multiplier and Hessian Matrix. IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, 28 January-2 February 1973.
[15]	Wu, Y.C., Debs, A.S. and Marsten, R.E. (1993) A Non-Linear Programming Approach Based on an Interior Point Method for Optimal Power Flows. Planning Operation and Control of Today’s Electric Power System.
[16]	Fujisawa, C.H., Carvalho, M.F., Azecedo, A.T., Soares, S., Santos, E.P. and Ohishi, T. (2012) Optimal Power Flow Models Using Network Flow Method. 6th IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution: Latin America Conference and Exposition (T & D-LA), Montevideo, 3-5 September 2012, 1-7.
[17]	Zhu, J.Z. (2009) Optimization of Power System Operation. IEEE Press Editorial Board, Hooken.
[18]	Mora, H. and Alexander, J. (2012) Metodología Para el Análisis Técnico de la Masificación de Los Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Como Opción de Generación Distribuida en Redes de Baja Tensión. Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Nacional De Colombia.
[19]	Duncan, G. (2004) Sistemas de Potencia: Analisis y Diseño. Ciencias E Ingenierías.
[20]	NTC 1340 (2004) Electrotécnia, Tensiones y Frecuencias Nominales en Sistemas de Energia Eléctrica en Redes de Servicio Público. Norma Técnica Colombiana.