Applicative Study (Part I): The Excellent Conditions to Remove in Batch Direct Textile Dyes (Direct Red, Direct Blue and Direct Yellow) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes on Low-Cost Chitosan Films under Different Conditions

Vito Rizzi¹, Alessandra Longo¹, Paola Fini², Paola Semeraro¹, Pinalysa Cosma^1,2, Esther Franco³, Rocío García³, Marcela Ferrándiz³, Estrella Núñez⁴, José Antonio Gabaldón⁴, Isabel Fortea⁴, Enrique Pérez⁵, Miguel Ferrándiz⁵

¹Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Bari, Italy.
²Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Bari, Italy.
³Biotechnology Department, Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Alcoy, Spain.
⁴Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
⁵Colorprint Fashion, SL, Avda. Fco. Vitoria Laporta, Muro de Alcoy (Alicante), Spain.

DOI: 10.4236/aces.2014.44048                

Abstract

In recent years the development of chitosan (CH) based materials as useful adsorbent polymeric matrices is an expanding field in the area of adsorption science. Even though CH has been successfully used for dye removal from aqueous solutions due to its low cost, no considerations have been made about, for example, the effect of changing the pH of chitosan hydrogelor about the dehydrating effect of Ethanol (EtOH) treatment of chitosan film on the dyes removal from water. Consequently in our laboratory we carried out a study focusing the attention, mainly, on the potential use of CH films under different conditions, such as reducing the intrinsic pH, increasing the hydrophobic character by means of ethanol treatment and neutralization of CH films to improve their absorption power. Textile anionic dyes named Direct Red 83:1, Direct Yellow 86 and Direct Blue 78 have been studied with the aim of reducing the contact time of CH film in waste water improving the bleaching efficiency. Neutralized acid CH film and longtime dehydrated one result to be the better films in dye removal from water. Also the reduction of the CH solution acidity during the film preparation determines the decreasing of the contact time improving the results. The effect of initial dye concentration has been examined and the amount of dye adsorption in function of time t, q_t (mg/cm²), for each analyzed film has been evaluated comparing the long term effect with the decoloration rate. A linear form of pseudo-first-order Lagergren model has been used and described. The best condition for removing all examined dyes from various dye solutions appears to be the dehydration of a novel projected CH film obtained by means of the film immersion in EtOH for 4 days. Also CH films prepared by well-known literature procedure and neutralized with NaOH treatment appear having an excellent behavior, however the film treatment requires a large quantity of water and time.

Keywords

Chitosan Film, Textile Dyes, Adsorption Processes, Wastewater

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Savenije, H.H.G. (2002) Why Water Is Not an Ordinary Economic Good, or Why the Girl Is Special. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 741-744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00060-8
[2]	Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. and Vermeulen, N.P.E. (2003) Fish Bioaccumulation and Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment: A Review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13, 57-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6
[3]	Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. and Nigam, P. (2001) Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with a Proposed Alternative. Bioresource Technology, 77, 247-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00080-8
[4]	Mirmohseni, A., SeyedDorraji, M.S., Figoli, A. and Tasselli, F. (2012) Chitosan Hollow Fibers as Effective Biosorbent toward Dye: Preparation and Modeling. Bioresource Technology, 121, 212-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.067
[5]	Crini,G. (2005) Recent Developments in Polysaccharide-Based Materials Used as Adsorbents in Wastewater Treatment. Progress in Polymer Science, 30, 38-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.11.002
[6]	Goncharuk,V.V., Kucheruk, D.D., Kochkodan, V.M., and Badekha, V.P. (2002) Removal of Organic Substances from Aqueous Solutions by Reagent Enhanced Reverse Osmosis. Desalination, 143, 45-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00220-5
[7]	Lopez, F.A., Martin, M.I., Pèrez, C., Lopez-Delgado, A. and Alguacil, F.J. (2003) Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions by a Steel-Making By-Product. Water Research, 37, 3883-3890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00287-2
[8]	Aksu, Z. (2005) Application of Biosorption for the Removal of Organic Pollutants: A Review. Process Biochemistry, 40, 997-1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.04.008
[9]	Park, D., Yun, Y. and Park, J.M. (2012) The Past, Present, and Future Trends of Biosorption. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 15, 86-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-009-0199-4
[10]	Reddy, D.H.K. and Lee, S.-M. (2013) Application of Magnetic Chitosan Composites for the Removal of Toxic Metal and Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 201-202, 68-93.
[11]	Rabea, E.I., Badawy, M.E.T., Stevens, C.V., Smagghe, G. and Steurbaut, W. (2003) Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent: Applications and Mode of Action. Biomacromolecules, 4, 1457-1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm034130m
[12]	Moczek, L. and Nowakowska, M. (2007) Novel Water-Soluble Photosensitizers from Chitosan. Biomacromolecules, 8, 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm060454+
[13]	Haldorai, Y. and Shim, J.J. (2014) An Efficient Removal of Methyl Orange Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Chitosan/MgO Composite: A Novel Reusable Adsorbent. Applied Surface Science, 292, 447-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.11.158
[14]	Crini, G. and Badot, P.M. (2008) Application of Chitosan, a Natural Aminopolysaccharide, for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Batch Studies: A Review of Recent Literature. Progress in Polymer Science, 33, 399-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001
[15]	Jiang, X., Sun, Y., Liu, L., Wang, S. and Tian, X. (2014) Adsorption of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 from Aqueous Solutions by Porous Particles of the Grafted Chitosan. Chemical Engineering Journal, 235, 151-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.001
[16]	Nandi, B., Goswami, A. and Purkait, M. (2009) Removal of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Kaolin: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. Applied Clay Science, 42, 583-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.015
[17]	Bulut, Y. and Aydin, H. (2006) A Kinetics and Thermodynamics Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Wheat Shells. Desalination, 194, 259-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.10.032
[18]	Yagub, M.T., Tushar Kanti, S., Afroze, S. and Ang, H.M. (2014) Dye and Its Removal from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption: A Review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 209, 172-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002
[19]	Gupta, V. (2009) Application of Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal—A Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2313-2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017
[20]	Clarke, E. and Anliker, R. (1980) Organic Dyes and Pigments. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 3, 181-215.
[21]	Pinheiro, H.M., Touraud, E. and Thomas, O. (2004) Aromatic Amines from Azo Dye Reduction: Status Review with Emphasis on Direct UV Spectrophotometric Detection in Textile Industry Wastewaters. Dyes and Pigments, 61, 121-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2003.10.009
[22]	Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. and Nigam, P. (2001) Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with a Proposed Alternative. Bioresource Technology, 77, 247-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00080-8
[23]	Verma, Y. (2001) Acute Toxicity Assessment of Textile Dyes and Textile and Dye Industrial Effluents Using Daphnia Magna Bioassay. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 24, 491-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708095769
[24]	Krajewska, B., Leszko, M. and Zaborska, W. (1990) Urease Immobilized on Chitosan Membrane: Preparation and Properties. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 48, 337-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280480309
[25]	Krajewska, B. (1991) Chitin and Its Derivatives as Supports for the Immobilization of Enzymes. Acta Biotechnologica, 11, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370110319
[26]	Fang, R., Cheng, X.S., Fu, J. and Zheng, Z.B. (2009) Research on the Graft Copolymerization of EH-Lignin with Acrylamide. Natural Science, 1, 17-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2009.11004
[27]	Khataee, A.R., Pons, M.S. and Zahra, O. (2009) Photocatalytic Degradation of Three Azo Dyes Using Immobilized TiO2 Nanoparticles on Glass Plates Activated by UV Light Irradiation: Influence of Dye Molecular Structure. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 451-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.052
[28]	Jin, J., Li, L.S., Zhang, Y.J., Tian, Y.Q., Jiang, S., Zhao, Y., Bai, Y. and Li, T.J. (1998) Characterization and Structure of Side-On Azo Copolymers in Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Langmuir, 14, 5231-5236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la980056v
[29]	Karukstis, K.K., Perelman, L.A. and Wong, W.K. (2002) Spectroscopic Characterization of Azo Dye Aggregation on Dendrimer Surfaces. Langmuir, 18, 10363-10371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la020558f
[30]	He, Q., Ao, Q., Gong, Y.D. and Zhang, X.F. (2011) Preparation of Chitosan Films Using Different Neutralizing Solutions to Improve Cell Compatibility. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22, 2791-2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4444-y
[31]	Gibbs, G., Tobin, J.M. and Guibal, E. (2003) Sorption of Acid Green 25 on Chitosan: Influence of Experimental Parameters on Uptake Kinetics and Sorption Isotherms. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 90, 1073-1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.12761
[32]	Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Pinto, A.A. and Lopes, E.C.N. (2005) Multistep Adsorption of Anionic Dyes on Silica/Chitosan Hybrid: 1. Comparative Kinetic Data from Liquid- and Solid-Phase Models. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 292, 363-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.096
[33]	Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Dos Santos, A.G.P., Mota, J.A. and De Almeida, V.P. (2004) Adsorption of Anionic Dyes on Chitosan Beads. 1. The Influence of the Chemical Structures of Dyes and Temperature on the Adsorption Kinetics. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 280, 380-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.007.
[34]	Maghami, G.G. and Roberts, G.A. (1988) Studies on the Interaction of Anionic Dyes on Chitosan. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 189, 239-243.
[35]	Shouman, M.A., Khedr, S.A. and Attia, A.A. (2012) Basic Dye Adsorption on Low Cost Biopolymer: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2, 27-36.
[36]	Putnis, A. (1995) Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
[37]	Chiou, M.S., Ho, P.Y. and Li, H.Y. (2004) Adsorption of Anionic Dyes in Acid Solutions Using Chemically Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads. Dyes and Pigments, 60, 69-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(03)00140-2
[38]	Ali, H. (2010) Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes—A Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213, 251-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0382-4
[39]	Philippova, O.E., Volkov, E.G., Sitnikova, N.L. and Khokhlov, A.R. (2001) Two Types of Hydrophobic Aggregates in Aqueous Solutions of Chitosan and Its Hydrophobic Derivative. Biomacromolecules, 2, 483-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm005649a