The Knees-Ankles-Toe in Cosmic Rays and the Periodic Table of Elementary Particles ()
Abstract
This paper posits
the discovery of the new elementary particles from the energy spectrum for the
knees-ankles-toe of cosmic rays. The energy spectrum from 109 eV to
1020 eV appears to follow a single power law except few breaks at
the knees-ankles-toe. The power index increases at the first knee and the second
knee, and decreases at the ankle. Above 4 × 1019 eV, the power index
increases as the “toe”. The fine structure of the cosmic ray spectrum shows
that an ankle with decrease in power index is in between the first knee and the
second knee, resulting in two knees, two ankles, and one toe. This paper posits
that the knees-ankles-toe are explained by the very high-energy fermions and
bosons in the periodic table of elementary particles that places all known
leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, and the Higgs boson in the table with the
calculated masses in good agreement with observed values. In the periodic
table, some high-energy dimensional fermions (Fd where d=
dimensional orbital number from 5 to 11) and bosons (Bd) are involved in the knees-ankles-toe. At the knees
and the toe, some parts of the energies from the energy sources of cosmic rays
are spent to generate Fd and Bd, resulting in the
increase of power index. The ankles are the the middle points (midpoints)
between the adjacent dimensional fermions and bosons. At a midpoint, the energy
is too high to keep the thermally unstable high-energy dimensional
particle,resulting in the decay and the decrease of power index. The calculated
masses of B8, the
midpoint, F9, the
midpoint, and B9, are 1.7
× 1015, 2 × 1016, 2.4 × 1017, 2.8 × 1018,
and 3.2 × 1019 eV, respectively, which are in good agreement with
observed 3 × 1015, 2 × 1016, 3 × 1017, 3 × 1018,
and 4 × 1019 eV for the first knee, the first ankle, the second
knee, the second ankle, and the toe, respectively. The mass of F10 is 4.4 × 1021 eV beyond the GZK limit, so F10 and above are not observed.
Share and Cite:
Chung, D. (2014) The Knees-Ankles-Toe in Cosmic Rays and the Periodic Table of Elementary Particles.
Journal of Modern Physics,
5, 1467-1472. doi:
10.4236/jmp.2014.515148.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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