The Effect of Selenium and Lycopene on Oxidative Stress in Bone Tissue in Rats Exposed to Cadmium

Tarfa Al Ibrahim, Hamza Abu Tarboush, Ahmad Aljada, Mai Al Mohanna

Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences & King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, KSA.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA.
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.514155                

Abstract

This study examined the effect of selenium (Se) or lycopene (Lyc) and their combination on oxidative stress in bone following cadmium (Cd) exposure in vivo. Cd exposure enhanced accumulation of Cd in femur with subsequent increase in LPO and PC and decreased antioxidative enzyme activities in rat femur, along with significant decreases in body and femur bone weights. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of Se or Lyc reduced Cd accumulation in bone and increased body and femur weights,when given individually or concomitantly. Antioxidant enzyme activities maintained and/or increased following Se and Lyc supplementation when given individually or concomitantly. However, lycopene dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight alone or selenium alone provided better protection to bone tissues of rats against oxidative stress compared to treatment with their combination. Selenium and lycopene could be used as a dietary supplement to protect against bone oxidative stress in areas exposed to Cd pollution.

Keywords

Selenium, Oxidative Stress, Lycopene, Cadmium

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Badr, N.B.E., El-Fiky, A.A., Mostafa, A.R. and Al-Mur, B.A. (2009) Metal Pollution Recordsincore Sediments of Some Red Sea Coastal Areas, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 155, 509-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0452-x
[2]	Al-Saleh, I. and Shinwari, N. (2001) Report on the Levels of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Imported Rice Grain Samples. Biology of Trace Elements Research, 83, 91-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:83:1:91
[3]	Al-Farraj, A.S. and Al-Wabel, M.I. (2007) Evaluation of Soil Pollution around Mahad AD’ Dahab Mine. Journal of the Saudi Society for Agricultural Sciences, 6, 89-106.
[4]	Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Urbenjapol, S., Haswell-Elkins, M., Reilly, P.E., Williams, D.J. and Moore, M.R. (2003) A Global Perspective on Cadmium Pollution and Toxicity in Non-Occupationally Exposed Population. Toxicology Letters, 137, 65-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00381-8
[5]	Brzoska, M.M., Rogalska, J. and Kupraszewicz, E. (2011) The Involvement of Oxidative Stress in the Mechanisms of Damaging Cadmium Action in Bone Tissue: A Study in a Rat Model of Moderate and Relatively High Human Exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 250, 327-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.012
[6]	Al-Saleh, I. (2000) Selenium Status in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Trace Element and Medical Biology, 14, 154-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80004-8
[7]	National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th Edition, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, 284-285.
[8]	Meotti, F.C., Stangherlin, E., Zeni, G., Nogueira, C.W. and Rocha, J.B.T. (2004) Protective Role of Aryl and Alkyl Diselenide on Lipid Peroxidation. Environmental Research, 94, 276-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00114-2
[9]	Rao, L.G., Mackinnon, E.S., Josse, R.G., Murray, T.M., Strauss, A. and Rao, A.V. (2007) Lycopene Consumption Decreases Oxidative Stress and Bone Resorption Markers in Postmenopausal Women. Osteoporosis International, 18, 109-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-006-0205-z
[10]	Brzoska, M.M., Rogalska, J., Galazyn-Sidorczuk, M., Jurczuk, M., Roszczenko, A., Kulikowska-Karpinska, E. and Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J. (2007) Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Bone Metabolism in Male Rats Chronically Exposed to Cadmium. Toxicology, 237, 89-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.001
[11]	Sahin, E. and Gumuslu, S. (2007) Immobilization Stress in Rat Tissues: Alterations in Protein Oxidation, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense System. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 144, 342-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.10.009
[12]	Ben Amara, I., Troudi, A., Soudani, N., Guermazi, F. and Zeghal, N. (2012) Toxicity of Methimazole on Femoral Bone in Suckling Rats: Alleviation by Selenium. Experimental Toxicology and Pathology, 64, 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.08.005
[13]	Kingston, H.M. and Walter, P.J. (1997) The Art and Science of Microwave Sample Preparations for Trace and Ultratrace Elemental Analysis. Wiley-VCH, Hoboken.
[14]	Aebi, H. (1984) Catalase in Vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
[15]	Kakkar, P., Das, B. and Viswanathan, P.N. (1984) A Modified Spectrophotometric Assay of Superoxide Dismutase. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 21, 130-132.
[16]	Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Swanson, A.B., Hafeman, D.G. and Hoekstra, W.G. (1973) Selenium: Biochemical Role as a Component of Glutathione Peroxidase. Science, 179, 588-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4073.588
[17]	Dieber-Rotheneder, M., Puhl, H., Waeg, G., Striegl, G. and Esterbauer, H. (1991) Effect of Oral Supplementation with D-Alpha-Tocopherol on the Vitamin E Content of Human Low Density Lipoproteins and Resistance to Oxidation. Journal of Lipid Research, 32, 1325-1332.
[18]	Mohanty, J.G., Bhamidipaty, S., Evans, M.K. and Rifkind, J.M. (2010) A Fluorimetric Semi-Microplate Format Assay of Protein Carbonyls in Blood Plasma. Analytical Biochemistry, 400, 289-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.032
[19]	Chen, X., Zhu, G., Jin, T., Gu, S., Tan, M., Xiao, H. and Qiu, J. (2011) Cadmium Exposure Induced Itai-Itai-Like Syndrome in Male Rats. Central European Journal of Medicine, 6, 425-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0046-9
[20]	Messaoudi, I., El-Heni, J., Hammouda, F., Said, K. and Kerkeni, A. (2009) Protective Effects of Selenium, Zinc, or Their Combination on Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney. Biological Trace Elements Research, 130, 152-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8324-y
[21]	Rencuzogullari, N. and Erdogan, S. (2007) Oral Administration of Lycopene Reverses Cadmium-Suppressed Body Weight Loss and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats. Biological Trace Elements Research, 118, 175-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-0027-7
[22]	Alhazza, I.M. (2005) Effect of Selenium on Cadmium Induced Gonadotoxicity in Male Rat. Journal of Biological Science, 5, 243-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2005.243.249
[23]	Turan, B., Can, B. and Delibasi, E. (2003) Selenium Combined with Vitamin E and Vitamin C Restores Structure Alterations of Bones in Heparin-Induced Osteoporosis. Clinical Rheumatology, 22, 432-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-003-0809-z
[24]	Messaoudi, I., Hammouda, F., El-Heni, J., Baati, T., Said, K. and Kerkeni, A. (2010) Reversal of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Erythrocytes by Selenium, Zinc or Their Combination. Experimental and Toxicology Pathology, 62, 281-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2009.04.004
[25]	El-Heni, J., Messaoudi, I., Hammouda, F. and Kerkeni, A. (2009) Protective Effects of Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) on Cadmium (Cd) Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of the Rat: Histology and Cd Accumulation. Food and Chemistry Toxicology, 46, 3522-3527.
[26]	Ognjanovic, B.I., Markovic, S.D., Pavlovic, S.Z., Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A.S. and Saicic, Z.S. (2008) Effect of Chronic Cadmium Exposure on Antioxidant Defense System in Some Tissues of Rats: Protective Effect of Selenium. Physiological Research, 57, 403-411.
[27]	De Haan, J.B., Cristiano, F., Iannello, R., Bladier, C., Kelner, M.J. and Kola, I. (1996) Elevation in the Ratio of Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase to Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Induces Features of Cellular Senescence and This Effect Is Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide. Human Molecular Genetics, 5, 283-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/5.2.283
[28]	Benzie, I.F.F. (2000) Evolution of Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. European Journal of Nutrition, 39, 53-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003940070030
[29]	Said, L., Banni, M., Kerkeni, A., Said, K. and Messaoudi, I. (2010) Influence of Combined Treatment with Zinc and Selenium on Cadmium Induced Testicular Pathophysiology in Rat. Food and Chemistry Toxicology, 48, 2759-2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.003
[30]	Alvarez, S.M., Gómez, N.N., Scardapane, L., Fornés, M.W. and Gimenéz, M.S. (2007) Effects of Chronic Exposure to Cadmium on Prostate Lipids and Morphology. Biometals, 20, 727-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-006-9036-9
[31]	Nogawa, K., Tsuritani, I., Kido, T., Honda, R., Yamada, Y. and Ishizaki, M. (1987) Mechanism for Bone Disease Found in Inhabitants Environmentally Exposed to Cadmium: Decreased Serum 1 Alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Level. International Archive of Occupational and Environmental Health, 59, 21-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377675
[32]	Thijssen, S., Maringwa, J., Faes, C., Lambrichts, I. and Van Kerkhove, E. (2007) Chronic Exposure of Mice to Environmentally Relevant, Low Doses of Cadmium Leads to Early Renal Damage, Not Predicted by Blood or Urine Cadmium Levels. Toxicology, 229, 145-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.011
[33]	Jihen, H., Imed, M., Fatima, H. and Abdelhamid, K. (2008) Protective Effects of Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) on Cadmium (Cd) Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of the Rat: Histology and Cd Accumulation. Food and Chemistry Toxicology, 46, 3522-3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.037
[34]	Crissman, J.W., Goodman, D.G., Hildebrandt, P.K., Maronpot, R.R., Prater, D.A., Riley, J.H., Seaman, W.J. and Thake, D.C. (2004) Best Practices Guideline: Toxicologic Histopathology. Toxicologic Pathology, 32, 126-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230490268756
[35]	Yousef, I.M., El-Demerdash, M.M. and Radwan, F.M.E. (2008) Sodium Arsenite Induced Biochemical Perturbations in Rats: Ameliorating Effect of Curcumin. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 3506-3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.031
[36]	El-Demerdash, F.M., Yousef, M.I., Kedwany, F.S. and Baghdadi, H.H. (2004) Cadmium-Induced Changes in Lipid Peroxidation, Blood Hematology, Biochemical Parameters and Semen Quality of Male Rats: Protective Role of Vitamin E and Beta-Carotene. Food and Chemistry Toxicology, 42, 1563-1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.05.001
[37]	Gupta, R.S., Gupta, E.S., Dhakal, B.K., Thakur, A.R. and Ahnn, J. (2004) Vitamin C and Vitamin E Protect the Rat Testes from Cadmium-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species. Molecular and Cells, 17, 132-139.
[38]	Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B. and Beyersmann, D. (2003) Molecular and Celluar Mechanisms of Cadmium Carcinogenesis. Toxicology, 192, 95-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
[39]	Brzóska, M.M. and Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J. (2005) Disorders in Bone Metabolism of Female Rats Chronically Exposed to Cadmium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 202, 68-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.007
[40]	Ogoshi, K., Moriyama, T. and Nanzai, Y. (1989) Decrease in the Mechanical Strength of Bones of Rats Administered Cadmium. Archive of Toxicology, 63, 320-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278646
[41]	Hunder, G., Javdani, J., Elsenhans, B. and Schümann, K. (2001) 109Cd Accumulation in the Calcified Parts of Rat Bones. Toxicology, 159, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00364-4
[42]	David, S.S., O’Shea, V.L. and Kundu, S. (2007) Base-Excision Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage. Nature, 447, 941-950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05978
[43]	Gong, Q. and Hart, B.A. (1997) Effect of Thiols on Cadmium-Induced Expression of Metallothionein and Other Oxidant Stress Genes in Rat Lung Epithelial Cells. Toxicology, 119, 179-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03608-6
[44]	Sabolic, I., Breljak, D., Skarica, M. and Herak-Kramberger, C.M. (2010) Role of Metallothionein in Cadmium Traffic and Toxicity in Kidneys and Other Mammalian Organs. Biometals, 23, 897-926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9351-z
[45]	Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M. and Mazur, M. (2006) Free Radicals, Metals and Antioxidants in Oxidative Stress-Induced Cancer. Chemical-Biological Interactions, 160, 1-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009
[46]	Quig, D. (1998) Cysteine Metabolism and Metal Toxicity. Alternative Medicine Review, 3, 262-270.
[47]	Casalino, E., Calzaretti, G., Sblano, C. and Landriscina, C. (2002) Molecular Inhibitory Mechanisms of Antioxidant Enzymes in Rat Liver and Kidney by Cadmium. Toxicology, 179, 37-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00245-7
[48]	Sies, H. (1993) Strategies of Antioxidant Defense. European Journal of Biochemistry, 215, 213-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18025.x
[49]	Hussain, T., Shukla, G.S. and Chandra, S.V. (1987) Effects of Cadmium on Superoxide Dismutase and Lipid Peroxidation in Liver and Kidney of Growing Rats: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 60, 355-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01526.x
[50]	Ohta, H., Seki, Y. and Yoshikawa, H. (1995) Interactive Effects of Selenium on Chronic Cadmium Toxicity in Rats. Archives of Complex Environmental Studies, 8, 97-104.
[51]	Gan, L., Liu, Q., Xu, H.B., Zhu, Y.S. and Yang, X.L. (2002) Effects of Selenium Overexposure on Glutathione Peroxidase and Thioredoxin Reductase Gene Expressions and Activities. Biological Trace Elements Research, 89, 165-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:89:2:165
[52]	Singh, K., Bal, B., Chopra, S., Singh, S. and Malhotra, N. (2012) Ameliorative Effect of Lycopene on Lipid Peroxidation and Certain Antioxidant Enzymes in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 3, 1000-1100.