The Effect of Packaging Shape on the Distribution of Electric and Magnetic Fields and SAR Induced in 3D Models of Water Containers

Maher A. A. Abdelsamie, Russly B. Abdul Rahman, Shuhaimi Mustafa, Dzulkifly Hashim

1Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia 2Department of Process & Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia 3Faculty of Food Science & Technology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia.
Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

DOI: 10.4236/jemaa.2014.69022                

Abstract

In this study, two software packages using different numerical techniques—FEKO 6.3 with Finite-Element Method (FEM) and XFDTD 7 with Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD)—were used to assess exposure of 3D models of square-, rectangular-, spherical- and pyramidal-shaped water containers to electromagnetic waves at 300, 900, and 2400 MHz frequencies. Using the FEM simulation technique, the peak electric field of 25, 4.5, 3, and 2 V/m at 300 MHz and 15.75, 1.5, 1.8 and 1.75 V/m at 900 MHz were observed in pyramidal-, rectangular-, spherical-, and squareshaped 3D container models, respectively. The FDTD simulation method confirmed a peak electric field of 12.782, 10.907, 0.81867 and 10.625 V/m at 2400 MHz in the pyramidal-, square-, spherical-, and rectangular-shaped 3D models, respectively. The study demonstrated an exceptionally high level of electric field in the water in the two identical pyramid-shaped 3D models analyzed using the two different simulation techniques. Both FEM and FDTD simulation techniques indicated variations in the distribution of electric, magnetic fields, and specific absorption rate of water stored inside the 3D container models. The study successfully demonstrated that shape and dimensions of 3D models significantly influence the electric and magnetic fields inside packaged materials; thus, specific absorption rates in the stored water vary according to the shape and dimensions of the packaging materials.

Keywords

SAR, EM Simulation, Shape Effect, FDTD, FEM

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Shabani, H., Islam, M.R., Alam, A.H.M.Z. and El-Raouf, H.E.A. (2008) EM Radiation from Wi-LAN Base Station and Its’ Effects in Human Body. ICECE 2008, International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dhaka, 20-22 December 2008, 86-91.
[2]	Cooper, J. and Hombach, V. (1996) Increase in Specific Absorption Rate in Human Heads Arising from Implantations. Electronics Letters, 32, 2217-2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19961507
[3]	Whittow, W.G., Edwards, R.M., Panagamuwa, C.J. and Vardaxoglou, J.C. (2008) Effect of Tongue Jewellery and Orthodontist Metallic Braces on the SAR Due to Mobile Phones in Different Anatomical Human Head Models Including Children. Antennas and Propagation Conference, LAPC 2008, Loughborough, 17-18 March 2008, 293-296.
[4]	Stergiou, K., Panagamuwa, C., Whittow, W. and Edwards, R. (2009) Effects of Metallic Semi-Rimmed Spectacles on SAR in the Head from a 900MHz Frontal Dipole Source. Antennas & Propagation Conference, LAPC 2009, Loughborough, 16-17 November 2009, 721-724.
[5]	Lazarescu, C., Nica, I. and David, V. (2011) SAR in Human Head Due to Mobile Phone Exposure. E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), Iasi, 24-26 November 2011, 1-4.
[6]	Abidin, H.Z., Faruque, M.R.I., Islam, M.T. and Misran, N. (2011) Evaluation of SAR in the Human Head Due to Hand Ring Jewellery at 900 and 1800 MHz. 2011 IEEE International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), Penang, 12-13 July 2011, 277-280.
[7]	Hikage, T., Kawamura, Y., Nojima, T., Nagaoka, T. and Watanabe, S. (2013) Whole-Body Averaged SAR Measurements Using Cylindrical-External Field Scanning for 2 GHz Plane Wave Irradiation of Human Models. 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, 8-12 April 2013, 1773-1774.
[8]	Hosseinzadeh, R. and Zakeri, B. (2012) SAR of the Human’s Head Due to Electromagnetic Radiation of a Mobile Antenna. 2012 20th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, 20-22 November 2012, 1159-1161.
[9]	Mary, T.A.J., Ravichandran, C.S., Priyadarshini, S.J. and Sugumar, D. (2010) Investigation of SAR on Human Head Modelling Using Patch Antenna in Mobile Communication for Dual Band Frequency. 2010 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT), Chennai, 3-5 December 2010, 121-124.
[10]	Hirata, A., Fujiwara, O., Nagaoka, T. and Watanabe, S. (2010) Estimation of Whole-Body Average SAR in Human Models Due to Plane-Wave Exposure at Resonance Frequency. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 52, 41-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2009.2035613
[11]	Lisheng, X., Meng, M.Q.H. and Chan, Y. (2009) Effects of Dielectric Parameters of Human Body on Radiation Characteristics of Ingestible Wireless Device at Operating Frequency of 430 MHz. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 56, 2083-2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2021157
[12]	Leung, S.W., Diao, Y., Chan, K.H., Siu, Y.M. and Wu, Y. (2012) Specific Absorption Rate Evaluation for Passengers Using Wireless Communication Devices Inside Vehicles with Different Handedness, Passenger Counts, and Seating Locations. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 59, 2905-2912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2012.2210553
[13]	Gosselin, M.C., Vermeeren, G., Kuhn, S., Kellerman, V., Benkler, S., Uusitupa, T.M.I., Joseph, W., Gati, A., Wiart, J., Meyer, F.J.C., Martens, L., Nojima, T., Hikage, T., Balzano, Q., Christ, A. and Kuster, N. (2011) Estimation Formulas for the Specific Absorption Rate in Humans Exposed to Base-Station Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 53, 909-922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2011.2139216
[14]	Zivkovic, Z., Despalatovic, D., Poljak, D., Sarolic, A. and El Khamlichi Drissi K. (2011) Assessment of SAR Distribution in the Human Eye and Pregnant Woman Models Exposed to RF Radiation Using FEKO Software Package. 2011 19th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), Split, 15-17 September 2011, 1-5.
[15]	Chen, H., Tang, J. and Liu, F. (2008) Simulation Model for Moving Food Packages in Microwave Heating Processes Using Conformal FDTD Method. Journal of Food Engineering, 88, 294-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.02.020
[16]	Geedipalli, S.S.R., Rakesh, V. and Datta, A.K. (2007) Modeling the Heating Uniformity Contributed by a Rotating Turntable in Microwave Ovens. Journal of Food Engineering, 82, 359-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.050
[17]	Resurreccion Jr., F.P., Tang, J., Pedrow, P., Cavalieri, R., Liu, F. and Tang, Z. (2013) Development of a Computer Simulation Model for Processing Food in a Microwave Assisted Thermal Sterilization (MATS) System. Journal of Food Engineering, 118, 406-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.04.021
[18]	Pitchai, K., Chen, J., Birla, S., Gonzalez, R., Jones, D. and Subbiah, J. (2014) A Microwave Heat Transfer Model for a Rotating Multi-Component Meal in a Domestic Oven: Development and Validation. Journal of Food Engineering, 128, 60-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.12.015
[19]	Liu, S., Fukuoka, M. and Sakai, N. (2013) A Finite Element Model for Simulating Temperature Distributions in Rotating Food during Microwave Heating. Journal of Food Engineering, 115, 49-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.09.019
[20]	Abdelsamie, M.A.A. (2014) Method and System for Energy Generation by Utilizing Environmentally Abundant Electromagnetic Fields. EG Patent Application No. 2014/781.
[21]	Lisheng, X., Meng, M.Q.H., Hongliang, R. and Chan, Y. (2009) Radiation Characteristics of Ingestible Wireless Devices in Human Intestine Following Radio Frequency Exposure at 430, 800, 1200, and 2400 MHz. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 57, 2418-2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2009.2024459
[22]	Jin, J. (1998) Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[23]	Hardell, L. and Sage, C. (2008) Biological Effects from Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Public Exposure Standards. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 62, 104-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
[24]	Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S. and Piuzzi, E. (2001) Power Absorption and Temperature Elevations Induced in the Human Head by a Dual-Band Monopole-Helix Antenna Phone. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49, 2539-2546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.971647
[25]	Gandhi, O.P., Qing-Xiang, L. and Gang, K. (2001) Temperature Rise for the Human Head for Cellular Telephones and for Peak SARs Prescribed in Safety Guidelines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49, 1607-1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.942573
[26]	Ticaud, N., Kohler, S., Jarrige, P., Duvillaret, L., Gaborit, G., O’Connor, R.P., Arnaud-Cormos, D. and Leveque, P. (2012) Specific Absorption Rate Assessment Using Simultaneous Electric Field and Temperature Measurements. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 252-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2189748
[27]	Murthy, K.D., George, M.C., Ramasamy, P. and Mustapha, Z.A. (2013) Housing under the Pyramid Reduces Susceptibility of Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons to Prenatal Stress in the Developing Rat Offspring. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 51, 1070-1078.
[28]	Abdelsamie, M.A.A., Rahman, R.B.A., Mustafa, S. and Hashim, D. (2013) Effect of Packaging Shape and Storage on the Keeping Quality of Mineral Water and a Development of Water-Treatment Device. Journal of Food Processing and Technology, 4, 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000231
[29]	Bhat, S., Rao, G., Murthy, K.D. and Bhat, P.G. (2009) Effect of Varying Durations of Pyramid Exposure—An Indication towards a Possibility of Overexposure. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 24, 430-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-009-0077-z
[30]	Gopinath, R.K., Nagaraja, P.A. and Nagendra, H.R. (2008) The Effect of Pyramids on Preservation of Milk. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 7, 233-236.
[31]	Bhat, M.S., Rao, G., Murthy, K.D. and Bhat, P.G. (2007) Housing in Pyramid Counteracts Neuroendocrine and Oxidative Stress Caused by Chronic Restraint in Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel049
[32]	Bhat, S., Rao, G., Murthy, K.D. and Bhat, P.G. (2007) Influence of Alignment of the Pyramid on Its Beneficial Effects. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 45, 455-458.
[33]	Nayak, S., Rao, S.G., Murthy, K.D., Somayaji, S.N. and Bairy, K.L. (2003) Pyramid Environment Reduces the Wound Healing Suppressant Properties of Dexamethasone in Albino Rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41, 645-648.
[34]	Narimanov, A.A. (2001) Pyramid Effect. Biofizika, 46, 951-957.
[35]	Davidson, D. (1997) Shape Power. Rivas Publishing, Arizona.
[36]	Flanagan, P. (1975) Pyramid Power. DeVorss & Company, Camarillo.
[37]	Abdelsamie, M.A., Rahman, R.A. and Mustafa, S. (2014) Pyramid Shape Power as a New Halal-Compliant Food Preservation and Packaging Technique. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 232-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1124
[38]	Ruo, H.O. (1999) IEE Seminar on Electromagnetic Assessment and Antenna Design Relating to Health Implications of Mobile Phones (Ref. No. 1999/043). London, 7/1-7/5.
[39]	Sullivan, D.M., Borup, D.T. and Gandhi, O.P. (1987) Use of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method in Calculating EM Absorption in Human Tissues. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, BME-34, 148-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1987.326039
[40]	Castro-Giraldez, M., Fito, P.J., Chenoll, C. and Fito, P. (2010) Development of a Dielectric Spectroscopy Technique for the Determination of Apple (Granny Smith) Maturity. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11, 749-754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2010.08.002
[41]	Fojt, L., Strasak, L., Vetterl, V. and Smarda, J. (2004) Comparison of the Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Effects on Bacteria Escherichia coli, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Staphylococcus aureus. Bioelectrochemistry, 63, 337-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.11.010