Ultrastructural Identification of the Basal-Granulated Cells in the Duodenum of Albino Rat

Ali Hassan A. Ali

Anatomy Department, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA.

DOI: 10.4236/ojgas.2014.47041                

Abstract

The fine structure of the crypt epithelium of the duodenal mucosa in albino rats was studied to represent the types and distribution of the basal-granulated or endocrine cells. Twenty male animals were used. Perfusion-fixation was made and samples of duodenal mucosa were taken and processed to prepare epon-embedded specimens for examination by a transmission electron microscope. Cells containing membrane-bound granules were seen in the crypt epithelium. They were identified to be basal-granulated cells. Six different types of such cells were demonstrated. All of the cells were of the closed type. The possible functional significance of these closed cell types was discussed. Correlation among the distributions of such cells in the intestine of albino rat might enable the physiologists, internists and other research workers to study several biologically active peptides with well-established functions other than those which have long been investigated.

Keywords

Basal Granulated Cells, Neueroendocrine Cells Duodenum, Albino Rats

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Solcia, E., Pearse, A.G.E., Grube, D., Kobayashi, S., Bussolati, W., Creutzfeldt, W. and Gepts, W. (1973) Revised Wiesbaden Classification of Gut Endocrine Cells. Rendic. Gastroenterol., 5, 13-16.
[2]	Forssmann, W.G.L., Pictet, O.R., Renold, A.E. and Rouiller, C. (1969) The Endocrine Cells in the Epithelium of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of the Rat. An Electron Microscopic Study. The Journal of Cell Biology, 40, 692-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.40.3.692
[3]	Vassallo, G., Solcia, E. and Capella, C. (1969) Light and Electron Microscopic Identification of Several Types of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of the Cat. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 98, 333-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346679
[4]	Kobayashi, S., Fujita, T. and Sasagawa, T. (1970) The Endocrine Cells of the Human Duodenal Mucosa. An Electron Microscopic Study. Arch histol jap, 31, 447-494.
[5]	Fujita, T. and Kobayashi, S. (1971) Experimentally Induced Granule Release in the Endocrine Cells of Dog Pyloric Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 116, 52-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332857
[6]	Capella, C. and Solcia, E. (1972) The Endocrine Cells of the Pig Gastro-Intestinal Mucosa and Pancrease. Arch histol jap, 35, 1-29.
[7]	Osaka, M., Sasagawa, T. and Fujita, T. (1973) Endocrine Cells in the Human Jejunum and Ileum. An Electron Microscope Study of Biopsy Materials. Arch histol jap, 35, 235-248.
[8]	Fujita, T., Osaka, M. and Yanatori, Y. (1974) Granule Release of Entero-Chrornaffin (BC) Cells by Cholera Enterotoxin in the Rabbit. Arch histol jap, 36, 367-378.
[9]	Osaka, M., Sasagawa, T. and Fujita, T. (1974) Granule Release from Endocrine Cells in Acidified Human Duodenal Bulb. An Electron Microscope Study of Biopsy Materials. Arch histol jap, 37, 73-94.
[10]	Feurle, G.E. and Forssmann, W.G. (1977) Ultrastructural Identification of a New Cell Type—The N-Cell as the Source of Neurotensin in the Gut Mucosa. Cell and Tissue Research, 184, 445-452.
[11]	Bussolati, G., Capella, C., Solcia, E., Vassallo, G. and Vezadini, P. (1971) Ultrastructural and Immunofluorescent Investigation of the Secretin Cell in the Dog Intestinal Mucosa. Histochemie, 26, 281-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305655
[12]	Sundler, F., Hakanson, R., Hammer, R.A., Alumets, J., Carraway, R., Leeman, S.E. and Zimmermann, E.A. (1977) Immunohistochemical Localization of Neurotensin in Endocrine Cells in the Gut. Cell and Tissue Research, 178, 313-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218696
[13]	Helmstaedler, V., Taugner, C., Feurle, G.E. and Forssmann, W.G. (1977) Localization of Neurotensin Immunoreactive Cells in the Small Intestine of Man and Various Mammals. Histochemistry, 53, 35-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00511208
[14]	Helmstaedler, V., Mühlmann, G., Feurle, G.E. and Forssmann, W.G. (1977) Immunocytochemical Identification of Gastrointestinal Neurotensin Cells in Human Embryos. Cell and Tissue Research, 184, 315-320.
[15]	Moran, G.W., Pennock, J. and McLaughlin, J.T. (2012) Enteroendocrine Cells in Terminal Ileal Crohn’s Disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 6, 871-880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2012.01.013
[16]	Rehfeld, J.F. (1998) The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Physiological Reviews, 78, 1087-1102
[17]	Sternini, C., Anselmi, L. and Rozengurt, E. (2008) Enteroendocrine Cells: A Site of “Taste” in Gastrointestinal Chemosensing. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity, 15, 73-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73
[18]	Rindi, G., Leiter, A.B., Kopin, A.S., Bordi, C. and Solcia, E. (2004) The “Normal” Endocrine Cell of the Gut: Changing Concepts and New Evidences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1014, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1294.001
[19]	Drucker, D.J. (2007) The Role of Gut Hormones on Glucose Homeostasis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117, 24-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI30076
[20]	Ham, T.S. (2002) Regional Distribution and Relative Frequency of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells in Large Intestine of C57BL/6 Mice. Journal of Veterinary Science, 3, 233-238.
[21]	Cristina, M.L., Lehy, T., Zeitoun, P. and Dufougeray, F. (1978) Fine Structural Classification and Comparative Distribution of Endocrine Cells in Normal Human Large Intestine. Gastroenterology, 75, 20-28.
[22]	Kitamura, N., Yamada, J., Calingasan, N.Y. and Yamashita, T. (1984) Immunocytochemical Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 16, 103-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01870.x
[23]	Ito, H., Yamada, T., Hashioto, Y. and Kudo, N. (1987) An Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Pig. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 49, 105-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.49.105
[24]	Agungpriyono, S., Yamada, J., Kitamura, N., Yamamoto, Y., Said, N., Sigit, K. and Yamasita, T. (1994) Immunocyto-chemical Study of the Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus). Acta Anatomica, 151, 232-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147668
[25]	Adeghate, E., Nadas, G., Donath, T. and Parvez, H. (1995) Identifica-tion of NADPH (Nitric Oxide Synthase) Positive Neurons in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat. Biogenic Amines, 11, 389-398.
[26]	Forsmann, W.G., Ito, S., Weihe, E., Aoki, A., Dym, M. and Fawcett, D.W. (1977) An Improved Perfusion Fixation Method for the Testis. The Anatomical Record, 188, 307-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091880304
[27]	Reynolds, E.S. (1963) The Use of Lead Citrate at a High pH as an Electron Opaque Stain in Electron Microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology, 17, 208-212.
[28]	Osaka, M. (1975) Fine Structure of the Basal Granulated Cells in Human Foetal Duodenum. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum, 38, 307-319.
[29]	Kobayashi, S., Fujita, T. and Sasagawa, T. (1971) Electron Microscpe Studies on the Endocrine Cells of the Human Gastric Fundus. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum, 32, 429-444.
[30]	Kitamura, N., Yamada, J., Yamashita, T. and Misu, M. (1982) Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cat as Revealed by Various Staining Methods. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 44, 427-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.44.427
[31]	Krause, W.J., Yamada, J. and Cutts, J.H. (1985) Quantitative Distribution of Enteroendocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Adult Opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Journal of Anatomy, 140, 591-605.
[32]	Adeghate, E. (1997) Immunohistochemical Identification of Pancreatic Hormones, Neuropeptides and Cytoskeletal Protein in Pancreas of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Morphology, 231, 185-193.
[33]	Kendzierski, K.S., Pansky, B., Budd, G.C. and Saffran, M. (2000) Evidence for Biosynthesis of Preproinsulin in Gut of Rat. Endocrine, 13, 353-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:13:3:353