Review the Environmental Effects of Using Industrial Wastewater Effluent (Case Study: Iran Qom Shokouhie Industrial State)

Nona Jesmanitafti, Seyed Ali Jozi, Seyed Masoud Monavari

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
Department of Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University (IAU)—North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University (IAU)—Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.510089                

Abstract

The overall goal of this study is investigating the environmental impacts of using wastewater effluent of industrial states in irrigation of green space. For this purpose, industrial state of Shokouhieh in Qom Province in central of Iran was selected as a case study. Firstly, the quality and quantity of inputting wastewater into refinery and outputting wastewater effluent were measured on important parameters of pH, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD and wastewater temperature in refinery laboratory of industrial state of Qom Shokouhieh during 12 months from March 2012 to March 2013. Then analysis of chemical, biological and physical indicators of irrigation wastewater (effluent) and measurement of heavy metals were done in June 2012 and January 2013 according to the standards instruction for the water and wastewater treatment. Also, heavy metals, EC, pH, and Mg^2+, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, k⁺ of soil of industrial estate of Qom Shokouhieh were studied. Then, Rapid Impact Assessment Method (RIAM) and Entropy Method were used to analyze the data. In Rapid Impact Assessment Method, socio-cultural, physicochemical, biological and economic environments get the highest negative impacts respectively. In Entropy Method after weighting the environmental factors, public health and other disease parameters with the weight of 0.147, soil chemical properties with the weight of 0.136, soil toxicity with the weight of 0.126 were allocated the first rate up to the third rate respectively. After comparing the results of these two methods with each other, the main limitation of using wastewater effluent of industrial estate of Qom Shokouhie in irrigation of green space is entering chemical pollutants (nitrate) into groundwater, salinity and toxicity of soil of industrial state and endangerment of workers and labors public health who work in industrial state of Qom Shokouhie (specially the labors who exposure directly with the wastewater effluent and labors work in refinery).

Keywords

Industrial Wastewater Effluent, Irrigation, Green Space, Environmental Impact Assessment, Rapid Impact Assessment Method, Entropy Method, Industrial State

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Wang, J.-F., Wang, G.-X. and Wanyan, H. (2007) Treated Wastewater Irrigation Effect on Soil, Crop and Environment: Wastewater Recycling in the Loess Area of China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19, 1093-1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60178-8
[2]	Al-Shammiri, M., et al. (2005) Waste Water Quality and Reuse in Irrigation in Kuwait Using Microfiltration Technology in Treatments. Desalination, 185, 213-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.078
[3]	Lin, S.H., Chan, H.Y. and Leu, H.G. (2006) Treatment of Wastewater Effluent from an Industrial Park for Agricultural Irrigation. Desalination, 128, 257-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00040-0
[4]	Rattan, R.K., Datta, S.P., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu, K. and Singh, A.K. (2005) Long-Term Impact of Irrigation with Sewage Effluents on Heavy Metal Content in Soils, Crops and Groundwater—A Case Study. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109, 310-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025
[5]	Webera, S., Khanb, S. and Hollendera, J. (2006) Human Risk Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Reclaimed Wastewater Used for Irrigation. Desalination, 187, 53-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.067
[6]	Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E.N., Nyamangara, J. and Giller, K.E. (2005) The Effect of Long-Term Irrigation Using Wastewater on Heavy Metal Contents of Soils Under Vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107, 151-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.005
[7]	FAO (2009) Reuse of Effluent: Methods of Wastewater Treatment and Health Safeguards. Report of a Meeting of Experts. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[8]	Xu, J., Wu, L.S., Chang, A.C. and Zhang, Y. (2010) Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation on Agricultural Soils: A Preliminary Assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183, 780-786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.094
[9]	Bakopoulou, S., Emmanouil, C. and Kungolos, A. (2011) Assessment of Wastewater Effluent Quality in Thessaly Region, Greece, for Determining Its Irrigation Reuses Potential. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74, 188-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.06.022
[10]	Klay, S., Charef, A., Ayed, L., Houman, B. and Rezgui, F. (2010) Effect of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Geochemical Properties (Saltiness, C, N and Heavy Metals) of Isohumic Soils (Zaouit Sousse Perimeter, Oriental Tunisia). Desalination, 253, 180-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.10.019
[11]	Fatta-Kassinos, D., Kalavrouziotis, I.K., Koukoulakis, P.H. and Vasquez, M.I. (2011) The Risks Associated with Wastewater Reuse and Xenobiotics in the Agroecological Environment. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 3555-3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.036
[12]	Gharsallaoui, M., Benincasa, C., Ayadi, M., Perri, E., Khlif, M. and Gabsi, S. (2011) Study on the Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on the Quality of Oils Obtained from Olives Harvested by Hand and from the Ground and Extracted at Different Times after the Harvesting. Scientia Horticulturae, 128, 23-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.12.015
[13]	Hanjra Munir, A., Blackwell, J., Carr, G., Zhang, F.H. and Jackson, T.M. (2012) Wastewater Irrigation and Environmental Health: Implications for Water Governance and Public Policy. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215, 255-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003
[14]	Mahmoodzadeh, S., et al. (2007) Project Selection by Using Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS Technique. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 1, 3.
[15]	Pastakia, C.M.R. and Jensen, A. (1998) The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) for EIA. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18, 461-482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(98)00018-3
[16]	Onut, S. and Soner, S. (2008) Transshipment Site Selection Using the AHP and TOPSIS Approaches Under Fuzzy Environment. Waste Management, 28, 1552-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.019
[17]	Hung, C.C. and Chen, L.H. (2009) A Fuzzy TOPSIS Decision Making Model with Entropy Weight under Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment. Proceedings of the International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, 18-20 March 2009, 18-20.