Determination and Quantification of Vanadium(V) in Environmental Samples Using Chemically Modified Chitosan Sorbent

Tharakeswar Yadamari, Kalyan Yakkala, Ramakrishna Naidu Gurijala

Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.

DOI: 10.4236/jeas.2014.42006                

Abstract

The application of biopolymers such as chitosan is one of the emerging sorption methods for the removal of metal ions, even at low concentrations. A rapid, sensitive and selected method is de- scribed for preconcentrative determination of vanadium(V) using the synthesized 3-Hydroxyben- zaldehyde-4 Amino antipyrine (HBAP), which was chemically immobilized on chitosan. This is easy to prepare in comparison to many other sorbents. The synthesized sorbent material was se- lective to vanadium(V) within a better response time of 30 min. The method was selective in presence of other foreign ions like Cl-, F-, , , Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, EDTA, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺. The calibration plots were linear over the concentration range of 0.5 μg·L^-1 to 7 μg·L^-1 of vanadium(V). These values are 100 times lower than by the direct determination of vanadium by FAAS. The developed procedure was reproducible with a relative standard deviation of 2.84%. The developed sorbent was successfully applied for the determination of vanadium(V) in real water and soil samples. Unlike most preconcentration procedures, the present enrichment method allowed for a rapid and reliable determination of vanadium(V) in environmental samples by the simple and routinely available flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique.

Keywords

Vanadium(V), Chitosan, Preconcentration, FAAS, Environmental Samples

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Wuilloud, R.G., Salonia, J.A., Olsina, R.A. and Martinez, L.D. (2000) Determination of Vanadium(V) in Drinking Water by Flow Injection and Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Nebulization. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 55, 671-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00215-9
[2]	Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants (1974) Vanadium. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC.
[3]	Waters, M.D. (1977) Toxicology of Vanadium. In: Goyer, R.A. and Mehlman, M.A., Ed., Advances in Modern Toxicology, Toxicology of Trace Elements, Wiley, New York, 147-189.
[4]	Davies, D.J.A. and Bennett, B.G. (1983) Exposure Commitment Assessments of Environmental Pollutants. Vol. 3, Monitoring Assessment and Research Centre (MARC Report No. 30), University of London, London.
[5]	Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T.D. (1979) Metal Toxicity in Mammals. Plenum Press, New York, 220.
[6]	APHA (1995) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 3-101.
[7]	Arnon, D.I. (1958) The Role of Micronutrients in Plant Nutrition with Special Reference to Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Assimilation. In: Lamb, C.A., Bentley, O.G. and Beattie, O.G., Eds., Trace Elements, Academic Press, New York, 1-32.
[8]	Kolthoff, I.M., Elving, P.I. and Stross, F.H. (1971) Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part III. Wiley Interscience, New York, 89.
[9]	Kiriyana, T. and Kuroda, R. (1972) A Combined Ion-Exchange Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium in Sea and Natural Waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 62, 464-467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(72)80060-6
[10]	Kiran Kumar, T.N. and Revanasiddappa, H.D. (2005) Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium Using Variamine Blue and Its Application to Synthetic, Environmental and Biological Samples. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 2, 161-167.
[11]	Rostampour, L. and Ali Tahar, M. (2008) Determination of Trace Amounts of Vanadium By UV-Vis Spectrophotometric after Separation and Preconcentration with Modified Natural Clinoptilolite as a New Sorbent. Talanta, 75, 1279-1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.01.045
[12]	Amin, A.S. (2003) Solid—Phase Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Vanadium Using 2,3-Dichloro-6(3-carboxy-2-hydroxynaphthylazo) quinoxaline. Spectrochemica Acta Part A, 59, 1025-1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(02)00259-7
[13]	Mahaveer, B.M., Jaldappa, S. and Saraswati, P.M. (2001) Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium(V) in Minerals, Steels, Soil and Biological Samples Using Phenothiazine Derivatives. Analytical Sciences, 17, 979-982. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.17.979
[14]	Hu, Q., Yang, G., Huang, Z. and Yin, J. (2004) Study on Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium with 2-(2-Quinolylazo)-5-Diethylaminophenol. Bulletin of the. Korean Chemical Society, 25, 263-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.2.263
[15]	Agnihotri, N., Dass, R. and Mehta, J.R. (1999) A Highly Sensitive and Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium(V) Using 6-Chloro-3-hydroxy-7-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)-4H-chromen-4-one. Analytical Science, 15, 1261-1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.15.1261
[16]	Murthy, R.S.S. and Ryan, D.E. (1983) Determination of Arsenic Molybdenum, Uranium and Vanadium in Sea-Water by Colloid Flotation. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 682-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a023
[17]	Greenberg, R.R. and Kingston, H.M. (1983) Trace Element Analysis of Natural Water Samples by Neutron Activation Analysis with Chelating Resin. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 1160-1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00258a041
[18]	Sabbioni, E., Kueera, J., Pietra, R. and Vesterberg, O. (1996) A Critical Review on Normal Concentration of Vanadium in Human Blood, Serum, and Uranine. Science Total Environment, 188, 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05164-9
[19]	Hirata, S., Umezaki, Y. and Ikeda, M. (1986) Determination of Chromium (III), Titanium, Vanadium, Iron (III) and Aluminum by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry with an On-Line Preconcentration Ion-Exchange Column. Analytical Chemistry, 58, 2602-2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05164-9
[20]	Wu, W., Qian, S.-H., Xiao, M., Huang, G.-Q. and Chen, H. (2002) Preconcentration of Vanadium(V) on Cross Linked Chitosan and Determination by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Science, 7, 222-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02830323
[21]	Yanashige, T., Yananoto, M. and Sunahara, H. (1989) Comparison of Decomposition Methods for the Analysis of Atmospheric Particulates by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Analyst, 114, 1071-1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9891401071
[22]	Osifo, P.O., Neomgus, H.W.J.P., Everson, R.C., Webster, A., and Gun, M. (2009) The Adsorption of Copper in a Packed-Bed of Chitosan Beads: Modeling Multiple Adsorption and Regeneration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 1242-1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.109
[23]	Park, C.I., Kim, H.S. and Cha, K.W. (1999) Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper after Selective Extraction with α-(2-Benzimidazolyl)-α’,α”-(N-5-nitro-2-Pyridyl hydrazone)-toluene in the Presence of Brij 58. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 20, 352-354.
[24]	McGrath, S.P. and Cunliffe, C.H. (1985) A Simplified Method for the Extraction of the Metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co and Mn from Soils and Sewage Sludge. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 36, 794-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740360906