Perceptions of Psychological Domain of Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Živana Gavrić, Dragana Grujić-Vujmilović

Department of Social Medicine, Medical Faculty of Banjaluka University, Banjaluka, B&H (Bosnia and Herzegovina).

DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2014.46057                

Abstract

Introduction: Adaptation to changes that occur with diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by a variety of negative emotional responses, including anger, guilt, frustration, denial, and loneliness. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess psychological domain of quality of life for people with diabetes mellitus in relation to some of the socio-demographic variables. Methods: The study included 150 patients with diabetes mellitus from October 2011 until June 2012 year, using the questionnaire for quality of life of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Mean score for psychological health domain was 56.28 (± 14.88), without statistically significant difference in relation to sex and with a statistic significant difference decreased with increasing of age (F = 6.715, p = 0.000) and increased with the level of education (F = 7.958, p = 0.000). Negative emotions, such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression were present in almost 1/2 of the respondents, “often” (32.7%), “very often” (11.3%) and “always” (4.0%) without statistically significant difference in relation to gender, age and level of education. Discussion: Mean scores for psychological health domain were lower in older and less educated patients. Conclusion: Negative feelings were present in all patients indicating the need for preventive action to soften and reduce these negative feelings.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Quality of Life, Psychological Domain

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	World Health Organization (2012) Chronic Disease. WHO, Copenhagen.
[2]	Devins, G.M. and Binik, Y.M. (1996) Facilitating Coping with Chronic Physical Illness. In: Zeidner, M. and Endler, N., Eds., Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research and Applications, Wiley, New York, 640-696.
[3]	Moos, R.H. and Schaeffer, J.A. (1984) The Crisis of Physical Illness. An Overview and Conceptual Approach. In: Moss, R.M., Ed., Coping with Physical Illness, New Perspectives, Plenum Press, New York, 3-39.
[4]	Sigurdardottir, A.K., Bendiktsson, R. and Jonsdottir, H. (2009) Instruments to Tailor Care of People with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65, 2119-2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05040.x
[5]	Rubin, R.R. (2000) Diabetes and Quality of Life. Diabetes Spectrum, 13, 2000-2021.
[6]	Snoek, F.J., Welch, G.R., Pouwer, F. and Polonsky, W.H. (2000) Diabetes-Related Emotional Distress in Dutch and US Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Care, 23, 1305-1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.9.1305
[7]	Odili, V., Ugboka, L. and Oparah, A. (2010) Quality of Life of People with Diabetes in Benin City as Measured with WHOQOL-BREF. The Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics, 6, 2.
[8]	Polonsky, W. (2000) Understanding and Assessing Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life. Diabetes Spectrum, 13, 36.
[9]	Mosnier-Pudar, H., Hochberg, G., Eschwege, E., Halimi, S., Virally, M.L., Guillausseau, P.J., et al. (2010) How Patients’ Attitudes and Opinions Influence Self-Care Behaviors in Type 2 Diabetes. Insights from the French DIABASIS Survey. Diabetes Metabolism, 36, 476-483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2010.08.004
[10]	Reddy, J., Wilhelm, K. and Campbell, L. (2013) Putting PAID to Diabetes-Related Distress: The Potential Utility of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Scale in Patients with Diabetes. Psychosomatics, 54, 44-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2012.08.004
[11]	Zagarins, S.E., Allen, N.A., Garb, J.L. and Welch, G. (2012) Improvement in Glycemic Control Following a Diabetes Education Intervention Is Associated with Change in Diabetes Distress but Not Change in Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 299-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9359-z
[12]	Fidler, C., Elmelund Christensen, T. and Gillard, S. (2011) Hypoglycemia: An Overview of Fear of Hypoglycemia, Quality-of-Life, and Impact on Costs. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 14, 646-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2011.610852
[13]	Guyatt, G.H., Feeny, D.H. and Patrick, D.L. (1993) Measuring Health-Related Quality of life. Annals of Internal Medicine, 118, 622-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00009
[14]	Guyatt, G.H., Thompson, P.J., Berman, L.B., et al. (1985) How Should We Measure Function in Patients with Chronic Heart and Lung Disease? Journal of Chronic Disease, 38, 517-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(85)90035-9
[15]	Wennberg, J.E. (1990) Outcomes Research, Cost Containment, and the Fear of Health Care Rationing. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1202-1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199010253231710
[16]	Brown, G.C., Brown, M.M., Sharma, S., Brown, H., Gozum, M. and Denton, P. (2000) Quality of Life Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in an Adult Population. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 14, 18-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(00)00061-1
[17]	Issa, B.A., Yussuf, A.D. and Baiyewu, O. (2007) The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Quality of Life of Patient with Diabetes Mellitus. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 30-34.
[18]	Gavric, Z. (2014) The Impact of Breast Cancer on the Emotional Component of Health. International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal, 2, 104-114.
[19]	The World Health Organization (2005) The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)—BREF. WHO, Geneva.
[20]	The World Health Organization (2006) WHOQOL User Manual. WHO, Geneva.
[21]	Nørholm, V. and Bech, P. (2001) The WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Questionnaire: Danish Validation Study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 229-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/080394801681019075
[22]	Bani-Issa, W. (2011) Evaluation of the Health-Related Quality of Life of Emirati People with Diabetes: Integration of Socio-Demographic and Disease-Related Variables. EMHJ, 17, 825-830.
[23]	Bosic-Zivanovic, D., Medic-Stojanoska, M. and Kovacev-Zavisic, B. (2012) The Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 69, 858-863.
[24]	Aghamollaei, T., Eftekhar, H., Shojaeizadeh, D., Mohammad, K., Nakhjavani, M. and Pour, F.G. (2003) Behavior, Metabolic Control and Health-Related Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients at Bandar Abbas Diabetic Clinic. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 32, 54-59.
[25]	Hill-Briggs, F., Gary, T.L., Hill, M.N., Bone, L.R. and Brancati, F.L. (2002) Health-Related Quality of Life in Urban African Americans with Type 2. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 412-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11002.x
[26]	Martínez, V.Y., Prado-Aguilar, A.C., Rascón-Pacheco, A.R. and Valdivia-Martínez, J.J. (2008) Quality of Life Associated with Treatment Adherence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study 2008. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-164
[27]	Pala, T., Eser, E., Özmen, B., Aydemir, O. and Boyvoda, S. (2004) The Determinants of Quality of Life Including Treatment Satisfaction in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus: Are Different Generic Qol Instruments Sensitive to the Same Determinants? Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3, 91-99.
[28]	Saatcioclu, O., Çelikel, F. C., Kutlutürk, F., ElbozanCumurcu, B., Kisacik, B., Yildiz, S. and Erim, R. (2008) Disability and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2, 106-112.
[29]	Kolawole, B.A., Mosaku, S.K. and Ikem, R.T. (2009) A Comparison of Two Measures of Quality of Life of Nigerian Clinic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. African Health Sciences, 9, 161-166.
[30]	Eljedi, A., Mikolajczyk, R., Kraemer, A. and Laaser, U. (2006) Health-Related Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients and Controls without Diabetes in Refugee Camps in the Gaza Strip: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 6, 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-268
[31]	Papadopoulos, A.A., Kontodimopoulos, N., Frydas, A., Ikonomakis, E. and Niakas, D. (2007) Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Type II Diabetic Patients in Greece. BMC Public Health, 7, 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-186
[32]	Graham, J.E., Stoebner-May, D.G., Ostir, G.V., Snih, S.A., Peek, M.K., Markides, K. and Ottenbacher, K.J. (2007) Health Related Quality of Life in Older Mexican Americans with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Quality Life Outcomes, 5, 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-39
[33]	Eljedi, A.Y. (2005) Diabetes Mellitus and Quality of Life of the Palestinian Diabetic Refugees in the Refugee Camps in Gaza Strip. Dissertation, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld.
[34]	Beltrame, V. (2008) Qualidade de vida de idososdiabéticos. Dissertation, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia.
[35]	Javanbakht, M., Abolhasani, F., Mashayekhi, A., Baradaran, H.R. and Noudeh, Y.J. (2012) Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: A National Survey. PLoS ONE, 7, e44526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044526
[36]	Lee, W.J., Song, K.H., Noh, J.H., Choi, Y.J., and Jo, M.W. (2012) Health-Related Quality of Life Using the EuroQol 5D Questionnaire in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 27, 255-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.3.255