Correlation between Chemical Glass Components and the Glass Sticking on Sputtered PtIr Physical Vapour Deposition Coatings for Precision Blank Moulding

Kirsten Bobzin, Nazlim Bagcivan, Tobias Brögelmann, Tobias Münstermann

RWTH Aachen University, Surface Engineering Institute, Aachen, Germany.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2014.55037                

Abstract

The increasing demand on high quality optical systems with complex geometries, low tolerances and a low installation space necessitates new replicative production systems for complex optical glass elements. The technology precision blank moulding shows promising properties to comply with these demands on an industrial bulk production. Due to the required high surface quality and low surface roughness of produced optical elements, moulding dies must have comparable low roughness and defect-free surfaces. To reduce wear and chemical interaction with the hot glass, moulding dies are often coated with a thin sputtered physical vapour deposition (PVD) coating. The objective of this research work was to analyze the diffusion behaviour inside different industrially used low-Tg (transformation point) glasses and their interaction with three different noble metal coating systems during an application oriented heating test. Therefore, three different PtIr coating systems with different interlayers (50 nm nickel as reference, 20 nm chromium, without interlayer) were deposited and tested in combination with six different industrially used low-Tg glasses. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) a diffusion of the light alkali and alkaline earth metals (sodium, potassium, calcium) was detected. The interaction between glass and coating was analyzed by EDS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The different chemical compositions of the glasses have a significant influence on the interaction between glass and coating system. Several correlations between the chemical composition of the glasses and the amount of glass adhesion on the three coating systems were identified. The percentage of ions allocated to network modifiers lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide correlates with the intensity of the interaction between coating and glass. The intensity of glass adhesion on the reference coating system PtIr/Ni is related with the zinc content in the glasses. Due to a diffusion process of the nickel interlayer, a direct correlation between the zinc content in the glasses and glass adhesion exists. The coating system with chromium interlayer showed comparable results to the system without interlayer.

Keywords

PtIr, PVD, Glass Adhesion, Precision Blank Moulding

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Angle, M.A., Blair, G.E. and Maier, C.C. (1974) Method for Molding Glass Lenses. US Patent No. 3 833 347.
[2]	Hiramoto, T. (1980) Press Molding Method for Thick Optical Glass Molding. JP Patent 550 628 15.
[3]	Monji, K.H., Aoki, M.M., Torii, H.H. and Okinaka, T.H. (1988) Mold for Press-Molding Glass Elements. US Patent No. 4 721 518.
[4]	Brinksmeier, E., Glaebe, R. and Osmer, J. (2011) Surface Integrity Demands of High Precision Optical Molds and Realization by a New Process Chain. Procedia Engineering, 19, 40-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.077
[5]	Ma, K.J., Chien, H.H., Chuan, W.H., Chao, C.L. and Hwang, K.C. (2008) Design of Protective Coatings for Glass Lens Molding. Key Engineering Materials, 364-366, 655-661. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.364-366.655
[6]	Torii, H., Aoki, M., Okinaka, H., Yuhaku, S. and Nakamura, S. (1986) Mold for Direct Press Molding of Optical Glass Element. US Patent No. 4 606 750.
[7]	Kleer, G. and Doell, W. (1997) Ceramic Multilayer Coatings for Glass Moulding Applications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 94-95, 647-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00518-5
[8]	Hock, M., Schaffer, E., Doll, W. and Kleer, G. (2003) Composite Coating Materials for the Moulding of Diffractive and Refractive Optical Components of Inorganic Glasses. Surface and Coatings Technology, 163, 689-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00658-8
[9]	Lin, C., Duh, J. and Yau, B. (2006) Processing of Chromium Tungsten Nitride Hard Coatings for Glass Molding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 201, 1316-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.01.064
[10]	Brand, J., Gadow, R. and Killinger, A. (2004) Application of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on Steel Tools in the Production of Precision Glass Components. Surface and Coatings Technology, 180-181, 213-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.138
[11]	Hagen, J., Burmeister, F., Fromm, A., Manns, P. and Kleer, G. (2009) Iridium Coatings with Titanium Sub-Layer Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering: Mechanical Properties and Contact Behavior with RoHS-Compliant Glass Melt. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 6, S678-S683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200931701
[12]	Kim, S.S., Kim, H.U., Kim, H.J. and Kim, J.H. (2007) Re-Ir Coating Effect of Molding Core(WC) Surface for Aspheric Glass Lens—Art. No. 671708. Optomechatronic Micro/Nano Devices and Components III, 6717, 71708-71708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.754329
[13]	Bobzin, K., Bagcivan, N., Ewering, M., Brugnara, R.H. and Münstermann, T. (2012) Influence of Interlayer Thickness of a Thin Noble Metal MSIP-PVD Coating on Compound and System Properties for Glass Lens Moulding. Production Engineering, 6, 311-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-012-0385-7
[14]	Klocke, F., Bergs, T., Georgiadis, K., Sarikaya, H. and Wang, F. (2008) Coating Systems for Precision Glass Molding Tools. Proceedings of the 7th international conference THE Coatings, Chalkidiki, Greece, 1-3 October 2008, 209-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.438.57
[15]	Wu, F., Chen, W., Duh, J., Tsai, Y. and Chen, Y. (2003) Ir-Based Multi-Component Coating on Tungsten Carbide by RF Magnetron Sputtering Process. Surface and Coatings Technology, 163-164, 227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00616-3
[16]	Klocke, F., Bouzakis, K.D., Georgiadis, K., Gerardis, S., Skordaris, G. and Pappa, M. (2011) Adhesive Interlayers’ Effect on the Entire Structure Strength of Glass Molding Tools’ Pt-Ir Coatings by Nano-Tests Determined. Surface and Coatings Technology, 206, 1867-1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.060
[17]	Bobzin, K., Klocke, F., Bagcivan, N., Ewering, M., Georgiadis, K. and Munstermann, T. (2010) Impact Behaviour of PtIr-based Coatings with Different Interlayers for Glass Lens Moulding. Coatings in Manufacturing Engineering, 438, 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.438.57
[18]	Bobzin, K., Bagcivan, N., Brogelmann, T. and Münstermann, T. (2013) Development and Qualification of a MSIP PVD Iridium Coating for Precision Glass Moulding. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 44, 673-678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201300174
[19]	De Keijser, T.H., Mittemeijer, E.J. and Rozendaal, H.C.F. (1983) The Determination of Crystallite-Size and LatticeStrain Parameters in Conjunction with the Profile-Refinement Method for the Determination of Crystal-Structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 16, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889883010493
[20]	Langford, J.I. (1987) Some Applications of Pattern Fitting to Powder Diffraction Data. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization, 14, 185-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-3535(87)90018-9
[21]	De Keijser, T.H., Langford, J.I., Mittemeijer, E.J. and Vogels, A.B.P. (1982) Use of the Voigt Function in a SingleLine Method for the Analysis of X-Ray-Diffraction Line Broadening. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 15, 308-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889882012035
[22]	Ceratizit Austria GmbH, Hard Material Matters. 385-EN/DE 06.07 7001140. http://www.ceratizit.com
[23]	Honig, R.E. (1957) Vapor Pressure Data for the More Common Elements. RCA Review, 18, 195-204.
[24]	Liang, C. and Lin, S.T. (1997) Sintering of Injection-Moulded WC–7 wt% Ni in a Hydrogen Atmosphere. Journal of Materials Science, 32, 3207-3212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018611003610
[25]	Upadhyaya, G.S. (1998) Cemented Tungsten Carbides: Production, Properties, and Testing. William Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Westwood.
[26]	Lee, D.S., Park, D.Y., Woo, H.J., Kim, S.H., Ha, J. and Yoon, E. (2001) Preferred Orientation Controlled Giant Grain Growth of Platinum Thin Films on SiO2/Si Substrates. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 40, L1-L3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.40.L1
[27]	Fischer, B., Goy, K., Kock, W., Lupton, D.F., Manhardt, H., Merker, J., Schoelz, F., Zurowski, B. and Goy, K.H. (1998) Dispersionsverfestiger Platin-Werkstoff, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und seine Verwendung. German Patent No. DE19714365-A1.