Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors and Very Long Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Applied Preemergence

Kris J. Mahoney, François J. Tardif, Darren E. Robinson, Robert E. Nurse, Peter H. Sikkema

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Canada.
University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridge-town, Canada.

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.58124                

Abstract

Nine field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at various locations in southern Ontario, Canada to determine the tolerance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to herbicides inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis applied alone and in combination. Preemergence applications were evaluated for soybean injury, plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield in the absence of weed competition. Early-season soybean injury from the Protox inhibitors persisted 4 weeks after soybean emergence (WAE) with 3%, 5%, and 18% injury for flumioxazin, saflufenacil, and sulfentrazone, respectively. When Protox inhibitors were tank mixed with VLCFA inhibitors (i.e., dimethenamid-P, S-metolachlor, and pyroxasulfone), additive interactions were observed for injury with saflufenacil and sulfentrazone; whereas synergistic interactions were observed with flumioxazin. However, injury subsided over time decreasing from as much as 34% injury 1 WAE for the flumioxazin + S-metolachlor tank mix down to 9% injury 4 WAE. In general, when saflufenacil or flumioxazin were tank mixed with VLCFA inhibitors, greater than expected reductions in height and dry weight were observed indicating synergistic responses; while no interactive effects were detected with sulfentrazone and VLCFA inhibitor tank mixes. For the flumioxazin tank mixes that contained dimethenamid-P or S-metolachlor, the reduction in yield was greater than expected indicating synergistic interactive effects. Yet, all the demonstrated impacts were transient as the yield for soybean treated with any of the Protox inhibitor and VLCFA inhibitor tank mixes tested were similar to the untreated control. Therefore, usage restriction on these mixtures, based on perceived negative yield impact, should be lifted so the herbicides could be combined to expand weed control options.

Keywords

Flumioxazin; Sulfentrazone; Saflufenacil; Pyroxasulfone; Dimethenamid-P; S-Metolachlor; Synergism; Antagonism

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Beckie, H.J. (2011) Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management: Focus on Glyphosate. Pest Management Science, 67, 1037-1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2195
[2]	Johnson, W.G., Davis, V.M., Kruger, G.R. and Weller, S.C. (2009) Influence of Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems on Weed Species Shifts and Glyphosate-Resistant Weed Populations. European Journal of Agronomy, 31, 162-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2009.03.008
[3]	Young, B.G. (2006) Changes in Herbicide Use Patterns and Production Practices Resulting from Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. Weed Technology, 20, 301-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-04-189.1
[4]	Putnam, A.R. and Penner, D. (1974) Pesticide Interactions in Higher Plants. In: Gunther, F.A., Ed., Residue Reviews, Springer-Verlag, New York, 73-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8501-5_3
[5]	Colby, S.R. (1967) Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations. Weeds, 15, 20-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4041058
[6]	Duke, S.O., Lydon, J., Becerril, J.M., Sherman, T.D., Lehnen Jr., L.P. and Matsumoto, H. (1991) Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides. Weed Science, 39, 465-473.
[7]	Senseman, S.A. (2007) Herbicide Handbook. 9th Edition, Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence.
[8]	Anonymous (2010) Valor® SX Herbicide Product Label. Form 2010-VLR-0001. Valent, Walnut Creek, 27 p.
[9]	Anonymous (2011) Spartan® 4F Herbicide Product Label. Spartan 4F 04-01-11 Commercial. FMC. Philadelphia, 14 p.
[10]	Anonymous (2012) Sharpen® Herbicide Product Label. NVA 2012-04-322-0046. BASF, Research Triangle Park, 20 p.
[11]	Anonymous (2012) Authority Elite® Herbicide Product Label. 06-26-13 Comm. FMC, Philadelphia, 6 p.
[12]	Anonymous (2012) Verdict® Herbicide Product Label. NVA 2012-04-320-0174. BASF, Research Triangle Park, 29 p.
[13]	Böger, P. (2003) Mode of Action of Chloroacetamides and Functionally Related Compounds. Journal of Pesticide Science, 28, 324-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.28.324
[14]	Tanetani, Y., Kaku, K., Kawai, K., Fujioka, T. and Shimizu, T. (2009) Action Mechanism of a Novel Herbicide, Pyroxasulfone. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 95, 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.06.003
[15]	Anonymous (2013) Fierce® Herbicide Product Label. Form 2013-FIE-0013. Valent, Walnut Creek, 8 p.
[16]	Mahoney, K.J., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P.H. (2013) Weed Management in Conventional- and No-Till Soybean (Glycine max) Using Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone. Weed Technology, in Press.
[17]	Refsell, D.E., Ott, E.J., Dale, T.M. and Pawlak, J.A. (2009) V-10233 Performance in Midwest Soybean Fields. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, Kansas City, 7-10 December 2009, Abstract 82, North Central Weed Science Society, Champaign.
[18]	Stachler, J.M. and Luecke, J.L. (2011) The Utility of Preemergence Herbicides in Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean in a Sugarbeet Rotation in Minnesota and North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, Milwaukee,12-15 December 2011, Abstract 151, North Central Weed Science Society, Milwaukee.
[19]	Stachler, J.M., Luecke, J.L. and Fisher, J.M. (2010) Controlling Glyphosate-Resistant Ragweed and Waterhemp with Preemergence Soybean Herbicides Having Safety to Sugarbeet in Rotation. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, Lexington, 13-16 December 2010, Abstract 172, North Central Weed Science Society, Lexington.
[20]	Young, B.G., et al. (2010) Length of Residual Weed Control with V-10266 and Other Preemergence Soybean Herbicides. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, Lexington, 13-16 December 2010, Abstract 153, North Central Weed Science Society, Lexington.
[21]	Miller, R.T., Soltani, N., Robinson, D.E., Kraus, T.E. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar Tolerance to Saflufenacil. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92, 1319-1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-055
[22]	Niekamp, J.W. and Johnson, W.G. (2001) Weed Management with Sulfentrazone and Flumioxazin in No-Tillage Soybean (Glycine max). Crop Protection, 20, 215-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-055
[23]	Niekamp, J.W., Johnson, W.G. and Smeda, R.J. (1999) Broadleaf Weed Control with Sulfentrazone and Flumioxazin in No-Tillage Soybean. Weed Technology, 13, 233-238.
[24]	Soltani, N., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P.H. (2010) Sensitivity of Leguminous Crops to Saflufenacil. Weed Technology, 24, 143-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-09-029.1
[25]	Taylor-Lovell, S., Wax, L.M. and Nelson, R. (2001) Phytotoxic Response and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties Treated with Sulfentrazone or Flumioxazin. Weed Technology, 15, 95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0095:PRAYOS]2.0.CO;2
[26]	Miller, R.T., Soltani, N., Robinson, D.E., Kraus, T.E. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Biologically Effective Rate of Saflufenacil/Dimethenamid-p in Soybean (Glycine max). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92, 517-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-253
[27]	Norsworthy, J.K. (2004) Soil-Applied Herbicide Use in Wide- and Narrow-Row Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max). Crop Protection, 23, 1237-1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.05.008
[28]	Whitaker, J.R., York, A.C., Jordan, D.L. and Culpepper, A.S. (2010) Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybean with Glyphosate and Conventional Herbicide Systems. Weed Technology, 24, 403-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-09-00043.1
[29]	Hardwick, J.M. (2013) Evaluation of Pyroxasulfone in Corn (Zea mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Weed Management Programs. M.Sc. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 37-62.
[30]	Kaastra, A.C., Swanton, C.J., Tardif, F.J. and Sikkema, P.H. (2008) Two-Way Performance Interactions among p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase- and Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides. Weed Science, 56, 841-851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-08-061.1
[31]	Krausz, R.F. and Young, B.G. (2003) Sulfentrazone Enhances Weed Control of Glyphosate in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 17, 249-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0249:SEWCOG]2.0.CO;2
[32]	Swantek, J.M., Sneller, C.H. and Oliver, L.R. (1998) Evaluation of Soybean Injury from Sulfentrazone and Inheritance of Tolerance. Weed Science, 46, 271-277.
[33]	Norsworthy, J.K. (2004) Conventional Soybean Plant and Progeny Response to Glyphosate. Weed Technology, 18, 527-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-066R3