Comparative Toxicity of “Tin Free” Self-Polishing Copolymer Antifouling Paints and Their Inhibitory Effects on Larval Development of a Non-Target Organism

Jane Castritsi-Catharios, George Alambritis, Helen Miliou, Efthimia Cotou, George D. Zouganelis

Department of Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Aghios Kosmas, Hellinikon, Greece.
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University Campus, Athens, Greece.
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Centre, Bournemouth & Poole College, Poole, UK.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2014.53020                

Abstract

Toxic substances released as a result of leaching from painted surfaces to the aquatic environment affect both fouling organisms and “non-target” biota. Artemia fransiscana nauplii have been considered a useful test system for the examination of toxicity for antifouling paints. In this study, we examined the effect of four “tin free” self-polishing copolymer (SPC) antifouling paints on the larval development of Artemia nauplii. Based on the L(S/V)₅₀ values the order of toxicity of the antifouling paints was: ANTI F > SHARKSKIN > OCEAN T/F > MICRON. Furthermore, the body size of Artemia nauplii was significantly affected at lethal and above lethal L(S/V)₅₀^24h values. The body size of 48 h-aged nauplii exposed for the last 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 48 h-aged controls (0.88 ± 0.030 mm). In addition, the body size of 72 h-aged nauplii maintained for the last 24 hours to pure synthetic seawater after exposure for 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 72 h-aged controls (0.96 ±0.027 mm). Overall, the SPCs examined here were substantially toxic to Artemia nauplii, but with different toxicities and modes of action, as a result of the synergistic action of distinct components of the antifouling paints.

Keywords

Artemia fransiscana Nauplii; “Tin Free” Self-Polishing Copolymer; Antifouling Paints; Body Size

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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