Reactive Arrays of Colorimetric Sensors for Metabolite and Steroid Identification

Gary Batres; Talia Jones; Hannah Johnke; Mark Wilson; Andrea E. Holmes; Sharmin Sikich

doi:10.4236/jst.2014.41001

Home > Journals > Computer Science & Communications > JST

Journal of Sensor Technology > Vol.4 No.1, March 2014

Reactive Arrays of Colorimetric Sensors for Metabolite and Steroid Identification ()

Gary Batres, Talia Jones, Hannah Johnke, Mark Wilson, Andrea E. Holmes, Sharmin Sikich

Department Chemistry, Doane College, Crete, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/jst.2014.41001 PDF HTML 3,460 Downloads 5,262 Views Citations

Abstract

The work described herein examines a rapid mix-and-measure method called DETECHIP suitable for screening of steroids and metabolites. The addition of steroids and metabolites to reactive arrays of colorimetric sensors generated characteristic color “fingerprints” that were used to identify the analyte. A color analysis tool was used to identify the analyte pool that now includes biologically relevant analytes. The mix-and-measure arrays allowed the detection of disease metabolites, orotic acid and argininosuccinic acid; and the steroids androsterone, 1,4-androstadiene, testosterone, stanozolol, and estrone. The steroid 1,4-androstadiene was also detected by this method while dissolved in synthetic urine. Some of the steroids, such as androstadiene, stanozolol, and androsterone were co-dissolved with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin in order to increase solubility in aqueous buffered solutions. The colorimetric arrays do not intend to eliminate ELISA or mass spectroscopy based screening, but to possibly provide an alternative analytical detection method for steroids and metabolites.

Keywords

Colorimetric Arrays; Sensors; Color Changes; Steroids; Metabolic Disease, Metabolites, Detection

Share and Cite:

Batres, G. , Jones, T. , Johnke, H. , Wilson, M. , Holmes, A. and Sikich, S. (2014) Reactive Arrays of Colorimetric Sensors for Metabolite and Steroid Identification. Journal of Sensor Technology, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.4236/jst.2014.41001.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Burks, R., Pacquette, S.E., Guericke, M.A., Wilson, M.V., Symonsbergen, D.J., Lucas, K.A. and Holmes, A.E. (2010) DETECHIP®: A Sensor for Drugs of Abuse. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 723-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01323.x
[2]	Lyon, M., Groathouse, J., Beaber, J., Turner, L.M., Rouhier, K.A., Wilson, M.V., Symonsbergen, D.J., Sikich, S.M. and Holmes, A.E. (2012) DETECHIP®: An Improved Molecular Sensing Array. Journal of Forensic Research, 2, 1-7.
[3]	Johnke, H., Batres, G., Wilson, M., Holmes, A.E. and Sikich, S. (2013) Detection Concentration of Analytes with DETECHIP: AMolecular Sensing Array. Journal of Sensor Technology, 3, 94-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jst.2013.33015
[4]	Lyon, M., Wilson, M.V., Rouhier, K.A., Symonsbergen, D.J., Bastola, K., Thapa, I., Holmes, A.E., Sikich, S.M. and Jackson, A. (2012) Image Analysis of DETECHIP®—A Molecular Sensing Array. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 166, 145-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30157-5_16
[5]	Lyon, M., Wilson, M.V., Rouhier, K.A., Symonsbergen, D.J., Bastola, K., Thapa, I., Holmes, A.E., Sikich, S.M. and Jackson, A. (2012) Digital Image Analysis for DETECHIP® Code Determination. Signal and Image Processing: An International Journal, 3, 51-63.
[6]	Smith, A., Jackson, A., Wilson, M.V., Trauernicht, M. and Holmes, A.E. (2012) Improved Image Analysis of DETECHIP Allows for Increased Specificity in Drug Discrimination. Journal of Forensic Research, 3, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000161
[7]	Brosnan, M.E. and Brosnan, J.T. (2007) Orotic Acid Excretion and Arginine Metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 137, 16565-16615.
[8]	Nagamani, S.C., Erez, A. and Lee, B. (2012) Argininosuccinatelyase Deficiency. Genetics in Medicine, 14, 501-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gim.2011.1
[9]	Speiser, P.W. and White, P.C. (2003) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 776-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021561
[10]	Mitzutani, S., Kusunoki, T., Matsumoto, K. and Seki, T. (1967) Urinary Steroids in Fifteen Cases of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Endocrinology Japonica, 14, 148-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj1954.14.148
[11]	Choo, H.Y., Kwon, O.S. and Park, J. (1990) Quantitative Determination of Stanozolol and Its Metabolite in Urine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 14, 109-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/14.2.109
[12]	Thevis, M., Fuβhöller, G., Geyer, H., Rodchenkov, G., Mareck, U., Sigmund, G., Koch, A., Thomas, A. and Schänzer, W. (2006) Detection of Stanozolol and Its Major Metabolites in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia, 64, 441-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s10337-006-0043-3
[13]	Janzen, M.C., Ponder, J.B., Bailey, D.P., Ingison, C.K. and Suslick, K.S. (2006) Colorimetric Sensor Arrays for Volatile Organic Compounds. Analytical Chemistry, 78, 3591-3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac052111s
[14]	Feng, L., Musto, C.J., Kemling, J.W., Lim, S.H. and Suslick, K.S. (2010) A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Identification of Toxic Gases Below Permissible Exposure Limits. Chemical Communications, 46, 2037-2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b926848k
[15]	Lim, J., Sung, H., Musto, C.J., Feng, L., Kemling, J.W. and Suslick, K.S. (2009) Colorimetric Sensor Arrays Based on Nanoporous Pigments. US Patent No. 12/552,899.
[16]	Feng, L., Musto, C.J. and Suslick, K.S. (2010) A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 4046-4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja910366p
[17]	Rakow, K.A. and Suslick, K.S. (2000) A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Odour Visualization. Nature, 406, 710-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35021028
[18]	Lin, H. and Suslick, K.S. (2010) A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide Vapor. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 15510-15521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja107419t
[19]	Tang, Z., Yang, J., Yu, J. and Cui, B. (2010) A Colorimetric Sensor for Qualitative Discrimination and Quantitative Detection of Volatile Amines. Sensors, 10, 6463-6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100706463