Analysis on the clinical and endoscopic parameters in 1247 patients with reflux esophagitis ()
KEYWORDS
Reflux Esophagitis; Endoscopy; Clinical Parameters; Antrum Hyperemia
1. INTRODUCTION
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as troublesome symptoms and/or complications due to abnormal reflux of gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus [1-5]. It is often combined with esophageal mucosal injury which is called reflux esophagitis (RE). Previously, GERD was considered as a very uncommon disease in Asia, but now the disease seemed to be increasing [2,3]. RE has been classified as a typical manifestation of GERD, which has a seriously impact on the quality of the patient’s life by suffering boring symptoms and diverse complications. Consequently, to further enhance the awareness of the disease and to summarize the features of epidemiology and endoscopy of RE, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 1247 patients with RE, which was diagnosed endoscopically in our hospital.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Patients
Between September 2010 and August 2012, A total of 26,508 patients underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in our hospital. Any patients who were endoscopically diagnosed as RE were included, whose demographic data, the Los Angeles (LA) classification [6,7], China (Yantai) classification [7] and complications such as Hiatal hernia, Barrett’s esophagus (BE), H. pylori infection etc. were specifically recorded and statistically analyzed.
2.2. Methods
Endoscopic findings of RE in the lower esophagus were classified according to the Los Angeles (LA) classification as grades A to D (LA-A to D), and were based on the longest length of a mucosal break, and the confluence of erosion (Table 1).
Chinese (Yantai) classification [National reflux esophageal disease (inflammation) Seminar, 1999, Yantai] [8]: 0: normal esophageal mucosa (histologic changes); 1) dot or strip redness, erosion, no fusion phenomenon; 2) strip redness, erosion, and fusion, but not the full circumference; 3) extensive lesions, redness, resistance to erosion fusion was a full circumference or ulcers. LA-A, B, and level I defined as mild grade, LA-C and level II defined as moderate grade, LA-D and level III defined as severe grade.
A hiatal hernia was defined as a distance more than 2 cm between the Z-line and the diaphragm. BE is a change in the distal esophageal epithelium of any length that can be recognized as columnar type mucosa at endoscopy and is confirmed to have intestinal metaplasia by biopsy of the tubular esophagus [8]. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by antral biopsy specimens for The rapid urease test.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was performed by using the t-test, chisquared test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis. A P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
3.1. The Epidemiological Features in 1247 Patients with RE
Among 26,508 patients from September 2010 to August 2012, 1247 patients were diagnosed as RE, and the overall prevalence was 4.70% (Chart 1). The esophagitis is more prevalent among male than female (74.74% in male and 25.26% in female), with the male: female ratio being 2.96:1. The age of the patients range from 15 to 92, The mean age is 51.61 ± 14.32 (Table 2).
3.2. The Relationship between Gender and Age
Among the 1247 cases of reflux esophagitis, the occur-
Table 1. The Los Angeles classification of oesophagitis.
Chart 1. The relationship between the detection rate and gender of RE.
Table 2. The gender, age and the LA classification of RE.
ring age of esophagitis peaked during the 50 and 60 (341 cases, 27.35%), followed by the 40 and 50 (288 cases, 23.10%) (Table 2). There were more male than female patients with esophagitis, the average age was significantly lower in male patients with esophagitis than in female (50.08 ± 14.00 vs 56.14 ± 14.31, P < 0.01) (Table 2). The male to female ratio of the 30 and 40 was higher in patients with reflux esophagitis (147 cases in male and 23 cases in female, the male: female ratio was 6.39:1), followed by the 40 and 50 (236 cases in male and 52 cases in female, the male: female ratio was 4.54:1) (P < 0.01) (Table 3).
3.3. The Relationship between Age and Endoscopy Classification
According to either the (LA) classification or China (Yantai) trial classification, most patients were classified as mild grade, accounting for 94.87% (60.63% in LA-A and 34.24% in LA-B). The moderate and severe grade merely made up 5.13% (4.49% in LA-C and 0.64% in LA-D) (Figure 1). The age distribution in patients with RE and the severity of esophagitis were positively correlated (P < 0.01) (Table 4). The average age in patients of LA-C group was 61.98 ± 14.33 years, which significantly higher than the other (P < 0.01) (Table 4).
3.4. The Relationship between Gender and Endoscopy Classification
According to the statistical results, the male to female ratio of the LA-D group was higher (seven cases in male and one case in female, the male: female ratio was 7:1), followed by the LA-B group (347 cases in male and 80
Figure 1. The LA classification and China (Yantai) trial classification.
Table 3. The relationship between gender and age.
Table 4. The relationship between the classification and age.
Pa < 0.01 versus other groups.
cases in female, the male: female ratio was 4.34:1) (P < 0.01) (Table 2). Moreover, male patients with esophagitis are more serious than that of female, especially male patients in the LA-D group.
3.5. Reflux Esophagitis and H. pylori Infection
Among the 1247 cases of reflux esophagitis patients, there were 332 cases underwent the endoscopic rapid urease test, and the positive rate of H. pylori infection is 61.14%. However, H. pylori infection has no correlation with RE (P > 0.05).
3.6. The Relationship between Esophagitis and Concomitant Disease
Among the 1247 patients with RE, 291 patients (23.34%) had an antrum hyperemia, followed by antrum erosion (20.13%) and hiatal hernia (15.88%). Additional endoscopic findings reported in the patients with RE were duodenitis (9.54%), bile reflux (9.30%) and duodenal ulcer (6.50%), etc. (Table 5). It is found that there is a positive correlation between the severity of esophagitis and the existence of Barrett’s esophagus, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal tumors, and the history of gastroesophageal surgery (P < 0.05) (Table 5), while there is a negative correlation between the severity of esophagitis and the existence of the antrum hyperemia (P < 0.01) (Table 5).
Table 5. The relationship between the classification and complications.
Pa, Pb < 0.05 versus other complications.
4. DISCUSSION
RE, diagnosed mainly by endoscopy, has been classified as a typical manifestation of GERD, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients [9-11]. GERD is a common disease with reported incidence rate being 10% - 22% [12,13] in the United States and Western Europe [14], endoscopy-based studies also show a prevalence of erosive esophagitis from 9% to 23% in these countries [13,15]. Whereas, the incidence rate in Asian countries is relatively low [16]. The reason for this phenomenon may be related to the differences in ethnicity, geography, diet etc.
In recent years, reported prevalence of RE is 3.85% - 8.39% [17,18] in China, which is a significant increase compared with 10 years ago (2.0% - 6.3%) [18-21]. This increase has been attributed to changes in dietary preference, an increase in the aging population, and technical developments in endoscopic examination. This study shows that RE detection rate was 4.70% which is more often discovered in male than female, consistent with other studies reported [22]. The mean age of this disease was 51.61 ± 14.32 years and peak age 50 - 59. In the group from 30 to 39, the high prevalence in male is statistically significant. The reason to this phenomenon may be as follows: the higher mental pressure, the heavier working burden and more risk factor such as tobacco, alcohol, coffee, tea and other bad habits.
According to the result, most patients are endoscopically classified as mild grade, either according to the (LA) classification or Yantai classification, accounting for 94.87%, while the moderate and severe grade merely take up 5.13%, which shows that the China (Yantai) classification and LA classification are equally effective. According to other studies, in patients of LA-A and LA-B groups, changes in esophageal motility and response to PPI treatment are similar. So, we consider that LA-A and LA-B should be merged into the same level. Therefore, I believe China (Yantai) classification is more conducive to clinical practice. Meanwhile, There is a positive correlation trend between the age and the severity which is especially the case for the LA-C group with average age being 61.98 ± 14.33 years old, suggesting the aging may be a risk factor [23,24].
It has been confirmed that H. pylori infection has a very close relationship with such disease as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, primary malignant lymphoma, while the relationship between H. pylori infection and reflux esophagitis is still controversial. In this study, a total of 203 patients (61.14%) among 332 patients have a positive result when receiving the rapid urease test, which, while is relatively higher compared with other studies [25], has no statistical significance. Some domestic study has shown similar result, but further large-scale clinical studies need to be done to give the satisfactory conclusion.
Endoscopically, there are a lot of concurrent diseases with RE, in which antrum hyperemia account for the most (23.34%), followed by antrum erosion (20.13%) and hiatal hernia (15.88%). It is found that there is a positive correlation between the severity of RE and the existence of Barrett’s esophagus, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal tumors, and the history of gastroesophageal surgery, while there is a negative correlation between the the severity of RE and the existence of the antrum hyperemia. However, the reason is not clear.
5. Conclusion
Reflux esophagitis is a common disease mostly suffered by middle-aged male between 40 and 59. Most patients are endoscopically classified as mild grade and it may get advanced because of aging. H. pylori infection is not statistically related with the disease, and patients concurrently with antrum hyperemia are less likely to have a severe RE, while further studies are needed for this.
NOTES