Study of Sodium-Chromium-Iron-Phosphate Glass by XRD, IR, Chemical Durability and SEM

Youssef Makhkhas, Said Aqdim, El Hassan Sayouty

Hassan II University of Casablanca, Faculty of Science, High Energy and Condensed Matter Lab, Casablanca, Morocco.
Hassan II University of Casablanca, Faculty of Science, Mineral chemistry Lab, Casablanca, Morocco.

DOI: 10.4236/msce.2013.13001                

Abstract

Chromium iron phosphate glass was investigated for use as waste form because of its improved chemical durability. The introduction of chromium in sodium-iron-phosphate glass is used to compare its effect with iron in inhibition of corrosion. The sodium-chromium-iron phosphate glass of composition 10Na₂O-30Fe₂O₃-5Cr₂O₃-55P₂O₅ (mol%) was produced by melting batches of (99, 98% pure) Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, Na₂CO₃, and (NH₄)₂HPO₄ at 1080°C for one hour and pouring the liquid into steel mold. The sample was annealed at 680°C for 48 h. We have performed the measurement of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Infra-Red spectroscopy (IR), and the chemical durability. The IR of the glass studied, contains two dominant bands, which were characteristic of pyrophosphate groups, (P-O) stretching mode of P-O non bridging oxygen at 1055 cm^-1 and sym stretching mode of bridging oxygen at444 cm^-1 respectively. There is also a band at603 cm^-1 attributed to isolated tetrahedral units (PO₄)^3-. The chemical durability of the glass was investigated by measuring the weight loss in distilled water at 90°C for 22 days.

Keywords

Chemical Durability; IR Spectroscopy; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Phosphate Glasses; XRD

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	L. M. Sanford and P. A. Tick, US Patent 4.314.031, 1982.
[2]	P. Y. Shih, S. W. Yung and T. S. Chin, “Thermal and Corrosion Behavior of P2O5-Na2O-CuO Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 224, No. 2, 1998, pp. 143-152. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(97)00460-2
[3]	P. Y. Shih, S. W. Yung, C. Y. Chen, H. S. Liu and T. S. Chin, “The Effect of SnO and PbCl2 on Properties of Stannous Chlorophosphate Glasses,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 50, No. 1, 1997, pp. 63-69. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(97)80185-X
[4]	T. Y. Wei, Y. Hu and L. G. Hwa, “Structure and Elastic Properties of Low-Temperature Sealing Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 288, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 140-147. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00612-3
[5]	H. Niida, M. Takahashi, T. Uchino and T. Yoko, “Preparation and Structure of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Precursors for New Type Low-Melting Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 306, No. 3, 2002, pp. 292-299. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01188-2
[6]	H. S. Liu, P. Y. Shih and T. S. Chin, “Thermal, Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Sodium Phosphate Glasses,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses, Vol. 37, 1996, p. 227.
[7]	M. R. Reidmeyer, M. Rajaram and D. E. Day, “Preparation of Phosphorus Oxynitride Glasses,” Journal of NonCrystalline Solids, Vol. 85, No. 1-2, 1986, pp. 186-203. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(86)90090-6
[8]	H. Yung, P. Y. Shih, H. S. Liu and T. S. Chin, “Nitridation Effect on Properties of Stannous-Lead Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 80, No. 9, 1997, pp. 2213-2220. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03110.x
[9]	J. L. Rygel and C. G. Pantano, “Synthesis and Properties of Cerium Aluminosilicophosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 355, No. 52-54, 2009, pp. 2622-2629. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.09.004
[10]	P. A. Bingham and R. J. Hand, “Sulphate Incorporation and Glass Formation in Phosphate Systems for Nuclear and Toxic Waste Immobilization,” Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 43, No. 7, 2008, pp. 1679-1693. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.07.024
[11]	S. Ray, X. Fang, M. Karabulut, G. K. Marasinghe and D. E. Day, “Effect of Melting Temperature and Time on Iron Valence and Crystallization of Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 249, No. 1, pp. 1-16. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00304-X
[12]	P. Y. Shih and T. S. Chin, “Preparation of Lead-Free Phosphate Glasses with Low Tg and Excellent Chemical Durability,” Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2001, pp. 1811-1813. doi:10.1023/A:1012551603964
[13]	C. M. Shaw and J. E. Shelby, “Effect of Lead Compounds on the Properties of Stannous Fluorophosphate Glasses,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 71, No. 5, 1988, pp. C252-C253. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb05071.x
[14]	I. W. Donald, “Preparation, Properties and Chemistry of Glassand Glass-Ceramic-To-Metal Seals and Coatings,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 28, No. 11, 1993, pp. 2841-2886. doi:10.1007/BF00354689
[15]	A. Santic and A. Mogus-Milankovic, “Charge Carrier Dynamics in Materials with Disordered Structures: A Case Study of Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Croatica Chemica Acta, Vol. 85, No. 3, 2012. doi:10.5562/cca1989
[16]	S. Aqdim, H. El Sayouty, B. Elouad and J. M. Greneche, “Chemical Durability and Structural Approach of the Glass Series (40-y) Na2O-yFe2O3-5Al2O3-55P2O5-by IR, X-Ray Diffraction and Mossbauer Spectroscopy,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 28, 2012, Article ID:012003.
[17]	B. C. Sales and L. A Batner, “Lead-Iron Phosphate Glass: A Stable Storage Medium for High-Level Nuclear Waste,” Sciences, Vol. 226, No. 4670, 1984, pp. 45-48. doi:10.1126/science.226.4670.45
[18]	B. Kumar and S. Lin, “Redox State of Iron and Its Related Effects in the CaO-P2O5-Fe2O3 Glasses,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, No. 1, 1991, pp. 226-228. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07322.x
[19]	S. T. Reis, M. Karabulut and D. E. Day, “Chemical Durability and Structure of Zinc-Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 292, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 150-157. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00880-8
[20]	T. Jermoumi, M. Hafid and N. Toreis “Density, Thermal and FTIR Analysis of (50-x)BaO.xFe2O2﹒50P2O5 Glasses,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses—European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 129-132.
[21]	S. Aqdim, “Identification et Etudes Thermique et Electrique des Phases vitreuses des Systèmes Ternaires Li2OM2O3-P2O5 (M= Cr, Fe),” 1990.
[22]	S. T. Reis, D. L. Faria, J. R. Martinelli, W. M. Pontuschka, D. E. Day and G. S. M. Partiti, “Structural Features of Lead Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 304, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 188-194. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01021-9
[23]	S. Cai, W. J. Zhang, G. H. Xu, J. Y. Li, D. M. Wang and W. Jiang, “Microstructural Characteristics and Crystallization of CaO-P2O5-Na2O-ZnO Glass Ceramics Prepared by Sol-Gel Method,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 355, No. 4-5, 2009, pp. 273-279. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.11.008
[24]	R. K. Brow, D. R. Tallant, S. T. Myers and C. C. Phifer, “The Short-Range Structure of Zinc Polyphosphate Glass,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 191, No. 1-2, 1995, pp. 45-55. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(95)00289-8
[25]	S. T. Reis, M. Karabulut and D. E. Day, “Structural Features and Properties of Lead-Iron-Phosphate Nuclear Wasteforms,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 304, No. 2-3, 2002, pp. 87-95. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(02)00904-2
[26]	C. R. Rambo, L. Ghussn, F. F. Senc and J. R. Martinelle, “Manufacturing of Porous Niobium Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 352, No. 32-35, 2006, pp. 3739-3743. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.03.104
[27]	H. Doweidar, Y. M, Moustafa, K. EL-Egili and I. Abbas, “Infrared Spectra of Fe2O3-PbO-P2O5 Glasses,” Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol. 37, No. 1. 2005, pp. 91-96. doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2004.07.002
[28]	C. S. Ray, X. Fang, M. Karabulut, G. K. Marasinghe and D. E, Day, “Effect of Melting Temperature and Time on Iron Valence and Crystallization of Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 249, No. 1, 1999, pp. 1-16. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00304-X
[29]	A. Mogus-Milankovic, A. Santic, S. T. Reis, K. Furic and D. E. Day, “Mixed Ion-Polaron Transport in Na2O-PbOFe2O3-P2O5 Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 342, No. 1-3, 2004, pp. 97-109. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.07.012
[30]	J.S. Brooks, G.L. Williams and D.W. Allen; Phys. Chem. Glasses 33 (1992) 171.
[31]	X. Yu, D. E. Day, G. J. Long and R. K. Brow, “Properties and Structure of Sodium-Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 215, No. 1, 1997, pp. 21-31. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(97)00022-7
[32]	S. T. Reis, M. Karabulut and D. E. Day, “Chemical Durability and Structure of Zinc-Iron Phosphate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 292, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 150-157. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00880-8
[33]	G. Malow, W. Lutze and R. C. Ewing, “Alteration Effects and Leach Rates of Basaltic Glasses: Implications for the Long-Term Stability of Nuclear Waste Form Borosilicate Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 67, No. 1-3, 1984, pp. 193-205. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(84)90156-X