Wind Energy Conversion System from Electrical Perspective—A Survey
Hyong Sik Kim, Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu
.
DOI: 10.4236/sgre.2010.13017   PDF    HTML     17,336 Downloads   37,975 Views   Citations

Abstract

This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The current state of wind turbine generators are discussed and compared in some criteria along with the trends in the current WECS market, which are ‘Variable Speed’, ‘Multi-MW’ and ‘Offshore’. In addition, the other crucial component in the WECS, PECs will be discussed with its topologies available in the current WECS market along with their modulation strategies. Moreover, three main issues of the WECS associating with the grid-connection, fault-ride through (FRT) capability, harmonics/interharmonics emission and flicker, which are the power quality issues, will be discussed due to the increasing responsibility of WECS as utility power station. Some key findings from the review such as the attractiveness of BDFRG are presented in the conclusion of this paper.

Share and Cite:

H. Kim and D. Lu, "Wind Energy Conversion System from Electrical Perspective—A Survey," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Vol. 1 No. 3, 2010, pp. 119-131. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2010.13017.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] J. M. Carrasco, et al., “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2006, pp. 1002-1016.
[2] J. L. Sawin and E. Martinot, “Renewables 2010—Global Status Report,” REN21, 2010.
[3] WWEA, “World Wind Energy Report 2009,” WWEA (World Wind Energy Association), 2010.
[4] R. Rechsteiner, “Wind Power in Context—A Clean Revolution in the Energy Sector,” 2008.
[5] F. Iov and F. Blaabjerg, “Power Electronics and Control for Wind Power Systems,” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, Lincoln, 2009, pp. 1-16.
[6] M. Kazmierkowski, et al., “Control in Power Electronics: Selected Problems,” Academic Press, California, 2002.
[7] H. Polinder, et al., “Comparison of Direct-Drive and Geared Generator Concepts for Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2006, pp. 725-733.
[8] H. Li and Z. Chen, “Overview of Different Wind Generator Systems and Their Comparisons,” Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2008, pp. 123-138.
[9] A. D. Hansen and L. H. Hansen, “Wind Turbine Concept Market Penetration over 10 Years (1995-2004),” Wind Energy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2007, pp. 81-97.
[10] H. Polinder, et al., “Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines,” EPE Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2005, pp. 43-50.
[11] T. Ackermann, “Wind Power in Power Systems,” Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2005.
[12] L. Hansen, et al., “Conceptual Survey of Generators and Power Electronics for Wind Turbines,” Report from Ris? National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 2001.
[13] A. D. Hansen and G. Michalke, “Multi-Pole Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Wind Turbines’ Grid Support Capability in Uninterrupted Operation During Grid Faults,” Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 333-348
[14] J. Weinzettel, et al., “Life Cycle Assessment of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2009, pp. 742-747.
[15] P. Bauer, et al., “Evaluation of Electrical Systems for Offshore Windfarms,” Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1416-1423.
[16] S. Shiyi, et al., “Dynamic Analysis of the Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator during Symmetrical Three- Phase Voltage Dips,” International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Taipei, 2009, pp. 464-469.
[17] P. Camocardi, et al., “Autonomous BDFIG-Wind Generator with Torque and Pitch Control for Maximum Efficiency in a Water Pumping System,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, No. 11, 2010, pp. 5778-5785.
[18] E. M. Schulz and R. E. Betz, “Use of Doubly Fed Reluctance Machines in Wind Power Generation,” 12th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Portoroz, 2006, pp. 1901-1906.
[19] M. Jovanovic, “Sensored and Sensorless Speed Control Methods for Brushless Doubly Fed Reluctance Motors,” Electric Power Applications, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2009, pp. 503 -513.
[20] R. E. Betz and M. G. Jovanovic, “Theoretical Analysis of Control Properties for the Brushless Doubly Fed Reluctance Machine,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2002, pp. 332-339.
[21] M. G. Jovanovic and R. E. Betz, “Power Factor Control Using Brushless Doubly Fed Reluctance Machines,” Industry Applications Conference, Rome, 2000, pp. 523- 530.
[22] P. H. Mellor, et al., “A Wide-Speed-Range Hybrid Variable-Reluctance/Permanent-Magnet Generator for Future Embedded Aircraft Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 551-556.
[23] G. M. Raimondi, et al., “Aircraft Embedded Generation Systems,” International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Bath, 2002, pp. 217-222.
[24] C. Wenping, et al., “Design of a Doubly-Fed Reluctance Machine for Wind Energy Generation,” International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Wuhan, 2008, pp. 2443-2447.
[25] R. E. Betz and M. G. Jovanovic, “The Brushless Doubly Fed Reluctance Machine and the Synchronous Reluctance Machine—A Comparison,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1103-1110.
[26] A. Grauers, “Design of Direct-Driven Permanent-Magnet Generators for Wind Turbines,” Ph.D. Thesis, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, G?teborg, Sweden, 1996.
[27] M. Avis and P. Maegaard, “Worldwide Wind Turbine Market and Manufacturing Trends,” Report from XMIRE, 2008, pp. 1-23.
[28] S.-P. Breton and G. Moe, “Status, Plans and Technologies for Offshore Wind Turbines in Europe and North America,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2009, pp. 646- 654.
[29] G. Watson, et al., “A Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Development in the United States,” Report from Offshore Wind Collanorative Organising Group (MTC, U.S. Department of Energy & GE), 2005.
[30] N. Mohan, et al., “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design,” John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2002.
[31] L. G. González, et al., “Effects of the PWM Carrier Signals Synchronization on the DC-Link Current in Back- to-Back Converters,” Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No. 8, 2010, pp. 2491-2499.
[32] R. Melício, et al., “Power Converter Topologies for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Integrated Modeling, Control Strategy and Performance Simulation,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 35, No. 10, 2010, pp. 2165-2174.
[33] M. Malinowski, et al., “A Survey on Cascaded Multilevel Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 7, 2009, pp. 2197-2206.
[34] M. Marchesoni and M. Mazzucchelli, “Multilevel Converters for High Power AC Drives: A Review,” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Budapest, 1993, pp. 38-43.
[35] A. Ruderman and B. Reznikov, “Three-Level H-Bridge Flying Capacitor Converter Voltage Balance Dynamics Analysis,” 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Barcelona, 2009, pp. 1-10.
[36] J. Rodriguez, et al., “A Survey on Neutral Point Clamped Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 7, 2009, pp. 2219-2230.
[37] A. Nabae, et al., “A New Neutral-Point-Clamped PWM Inverter,” Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. IA-17, pp. 518-523, 1981.
[38] M. Hiller, et al., “A New Highly Modular Medium Voltage Converter Topology for Industrial Drive Applications,” 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Barcelona, 2009, pp. 1-10.
[39] A. Faulstich, et al., “Medium Voltage Converter for Permanent Magnet Wind Power Generators up to 5 MW,” European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Dresden, 2005, p. 9.
[40] L. Jun, et al., “Application of Active Npc Converter on Generator Side for MW Direct-Driven Wind Turbine,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Palm Springs, 2010, pp. 1010-1017.
[41] N. Celanovic and D. Boroyevich, “A Comprehensive Study of Neutral-Point Voltage Balancing Problem in Three- Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage Source PWM Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2000, pp. 242-249.
[42] T. Bruckner and S. Bemet, “Loss Balancing in Three- Level Voltage Source Inverters Applying Active NPC Switches,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vancouver, 2001, pp. 1135-1140.
[43] L. Jun, et al., “Three-Level Active Neutral-Point-Clamped (ANPC) Converter with Fault Tolerant Ability,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Washington DC, 2009, pp. 840-845.
[44] P. Wheeler, et al., “Matrix Converters,” Power Engineering Journal, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2002, pp. 273-282.
[45] S. M. Barakati, et al., “Maximum Power Tracking Control for a Wind Turbine System Including a Matrix Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2009, pp. 705-713.
[46] D. Krug, et al., “Comparison of State-of-the-Art Voltage Source Converter Topologies for Medium Voltage Applications,” Industry Applications Conference, Berlin, 2003, pp. 168-175.
[47] X. Zeng, et al., “Design and Comparison of Full-Size Converters for Large Variable-Speed Wind Turbines,” European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Aalborg, Denmark, 2007, pp. 1-10.
[48] D. Krug, et al., “Comparison of 2.3-kV Medium-Voltage Multilevel Converters for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 6, 2007, pp. 2979-2992.
[49] T. Bruckner and D. G. Holmes, “Optimal Pulse-Width Modulation for Three-Level Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2005, pp. 82- 89.
[50] D. Floricau, et al., “A Comparison of Efficiency for Three-Level NPC and Active NPC Voltage Source Converters,” Compatibility and Power Electronics, Badajoz, 2009, pp. 331-336.
[51] R. Melício, et al., “Harmonic Assessment of Variable- Speed Wind Turbines Considering a Converter Control Malfunction,” Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2010, pp. 139-152.
[52] P. W. Wheeler, et al., “Matrix Converters: A Technology Review,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2002, pp. 276-288.
[53] J. A. Sayago, et al., “Comparison of Medium Voltage IGBT-Based 3L-ANPC-VSCs,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, 15-19 June 2008, pp. 851- 858.
[54] X.-M. Guo, et al., “Direct Power Control for Wind-Turbine Driven Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Constant Switch Frequency,” International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Seoul, 2007, pp. 253-258.
[55] T. Takaku, et al., “Improved Wind Power Conversion System Using Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch (MERS),” Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record of the Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 3, 2005, pp. 2007-2012.
[56] K. Won-Sang, et al., “Direct Power Control of a Doudly Fed Induction Generator with a Fixed Switching Frequency,” Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Edmonton, 2008, pp. 1-9.
[57] “Tj?reborg HVDC Light project,” ABB Power System, 2000.
[58] K. Jang-Hwan, et al., “A Carrier-Based PWM Method with Optimal Switching Sequence for a Multilevel Four- Leg Voltage-Source Inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1239-1248.
[59] J. Rodriguez, et al., “Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications,” Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 49, pp. 724-738, 2002.
[60] Z. Keliang and W. Danwei, “Relationship between Space- Vector Modulation and Three-Phase Carrier-Based PWM: A Comprehensive Analysis [Three-Phase Inverters],” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2002, pp. 186-196.
[61] S. Busquets-Monge, et al., “The Nearest Three Virtual Space Vector PWM—A Modulation for the Comprehensive Neutral-Point Balancing in the Three-Level NPC Inverter,” Power Electronics Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2004, pp. 11-15.
[62] A. K. Gupta and A. M. Khambadkone, “A Simple Space Vector PWM Scheme to Operate a Three-Level NPC Inverter at High Modulation Index Including Overmodulation Region, with Neutral Point Balancing,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2007, pp. 751-760.
[63] S. Busquets-Monge, et al., “Closed-Loop Control of a Three-Phase Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter Using an Optimized Virtual-Vector-Based Pulsewidth Modulation,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 5, 2008, pp. 2061-2071.
[64] J. Pontt, et al., “Mitigation of Noneliminated Harmonics of SHEPWM Three-Level Multipulse Three-Phase Active Front End Converters with Low Switching Frequency for Meeting Standard Ieee-519-92,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1594-1600.
[65] H. Bierk, et al., “Elimination of Low-Order Harmonics Using a Modified SHE-PWM Technique for Medium Voltage Induction Motor Applications,” Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, 2009, pp. 1-8.
[66] F. Wanmin, et al., “A Generalized Formulation of Quarter-Wave Symmetry SHE-PWM Problems for Multilevel Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2009, pp. 1758-1766.
[67] J. L. Li, et al., “CPS-SPWM Flying Capacitor Three- Level Back-to-Back Converter Applicative Direct-Drive Wind Power Generator System,” International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, Nanjing, 2009, pp. 1-6.
[68] S. Hu, et al., “Research on a Kind of Diode-Clamped Cascade Topology in Direct-Driven Wind Power System,” Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Nanjing, 2008, pp. 2509-2514.
[69] G. S. Kumar and A. Kishore, “Dynamic Analysis and Control of Output Voltage of a Wind Turbine Driven Isolated Induction Generator,” IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Mumbai, 2006, pp. 494-499.
[70] W. X. Lu and B. T. Ooi, “Optimal Acquisition and Aggregation of Offshore Wind Power by Multiterminal Voltage-Source HVDC,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2003, pp. 201-206.
[71] X. Lie, et al., “Predictive Current Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2009, pp. 4143-4153.
[72] Y. Zhenhuan and L. Hui, “Research on the Control Strategy of Four-Multiple Grid Connected Converter for Large -Scale Wind Energy Conversion System,” International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Wuhan, 2008, pp. 2484-2488.
[73] H. Karimi-Davijani, et al., “Active and Reactive Power Control of DFIG Using SVPWM Converter,” 43rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, Padova, 2008, pp. 1-5.
[74] M. Malinowski, et al., “Control of Variable-Speed Type Wind Turbines Using Direct Power Control Space Vector Modulated 3-Level PWM Converter,” IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Mumbai, 2006, pp. 1516-1521.
[75] S. R. Pulikanti and V. G. Agelidis, “Control of Neutral Point and Flying Capacitor Voltages in Five-Level She- PWM Controlled ANPC Converter,” 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Xi’an, 2009, pp. 172-177.
[76] M. Tsili and S. Papathanassiou, “A Review of Grid Code Technical Requirements for Wind Farms,” Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 308-332.
[77] F. Iov, et al., “Mapping of Grid Faults and Grid Codes,” Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark, 2007.
[78] I. M. de Alegría, et al., “Connection Requirements for Wind Farms: A Survey on Technical Requierements and Regulation,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 8, 2007, pp. 1858-1872.
[79] T. T. Sokratis and A. P. Stavros, “An Investigation of the Harmonic Emissions of Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2007, pp. 150-158.
[80] H. Emanuel, et al., “Power Quality Measurements of Wind Energy Converters with Full-Scale Converter According to Iec 61400-21,” 10th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Lodz, 2009, pp. 1-7.
[81] A. Mullane, et al., “Wind-Turbine Fault Ride-Through Enhancement,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2005, pp. 1929-1937.
[82] M. Bollen, “Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions,” IEEE Press, New York, 2000.
[83] J. Lopez, et al., “Dynamic Behavior of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator during Three-Phase Voltage Dips,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2007, pp. 709-717.
[84] “Grid Code-High and Extra High Voltage,” E.ON Netz. GmbH, Bayreuth, 2006.
[85] M. Rahimi and M. Parniani, “Grid-Fault Ride-through Analysis and Control of Wind Turbines with Doubly Fed Induction Generators,” Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 80, No. 2, 2010, pp. 184-195.
[86] X.-P. Yang, et al., “Low Voltage Ride-through of Directly Driven Wind Turbine with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator,” Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Wuhan, 2009, pp. 1-5.
[87] S. M. Muyeen, et al., “Low Voltage Ride through Capability Enhancement of Wind Turbine Generator System during Network Disturbance,” Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2009, pp. 65-74.
[88] P. S. Flannery and G. Venkataramanan, “Unbalanced Voltage Sag Ride-Through of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine with Series Grid-Side Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1879-1887.
[89] P. Sorensen, et al., “Power Quality Issues on Wind Power Installations in Denmark,” Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, 2007, pp. 1-6.
[90] “Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 2: Environment—Section 1: Description of the Environment— Electromagnetic Environment for Low-Frequency Conducted Disturbances and Signalling in Public Power Supply Systems,” IEC/TR61000-2-1, 1990.
[91] R. Langella, et al., “On the Assessment of Light Flicker Due to the Interharmonic Distortion Produced by Wind Turbines,” International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, Capri, 2007, pp. 529-535.
[92] Z. Hanzelka and A. Bien, “Power Quality Application Guide: Harmonics & Interharmonics,” A guide material by Leonardo Power Quality Initiative, Copper Development Association, 2004.
[93] “Wind turbines—Part 21: Measurement and Assessment of Power Quality Characteristics of Grid Connected Wind Turbines,” IEC61400-21, 2008.
[94] E. Gunther, “Harmonic and Interharmonic Measurement According to IEEE 519 and IEC 61000-4-7,” Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, 2006, pp. 223-225.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.