Olive Mill Waste Water Management Study by Using Principal Component Analysis

Houda Sahnoun, Mohamed Moncef Serbaji, Boubaker Karray, Khaled Medhioub

Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie.
Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax-LARSEN, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie.
Institut Préparatoire Aux Etudes d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie.
Institution de la Recherche et l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Sfax, Tunisie.

DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2013.42041                

Abstract

Olive mill waste water (OMWW) is a by-product issued after triturating olives. In Sfax, its management is different from urban to farming area. In this paper we treat it through a statistical analysis study during the season 2005-2006. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Classification (HC) methods are carried out on this work. Applied to variables issued from an exhaustive questionnaire including 274 mills, four Principal Components (PCs) are found to be significant, explaining 67% of the total variance. The coordinates of the 13 active variables retained by PCA were used to create a typology relative to the OMWW management and offered 7 groups of individuals which have the same characteristics, explaining 70% of the total inter-variance. This study showed that OMWW management in farming area could causes environmental problems because oleifactors haven’t controlled tanks and could evacuated OMWW on soil (causing oil deposit, waterproofing and possible asphyxia) or on public sewage network (causing corrosion, flow reduction). So, mills transfer from urban to farming areas in the form of agro-industrial complex is needed in the Sfax region.

Keywords

Olive Mill Waste Water; Management; Sfax; Principal Component Analysis; Hierarchical Classification

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	International Olive Oil Council, “World Olive Oil Figures,” 2008. http//: www.Internationaoiveoil.org
[2]	S. Hachicha, M. Chtourou, K. Medhioub and E. Ammar, “Compost of Poultry Manure and Olive Mill Wastes as an Alternative Fertilizer,” Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2006, pp. 135-142. doi:10.1051/agro:2006005
[3]	A. Chouchene, M. Jeguirim, A. Favre-Reguillon, G. Trouvé, G. Le Buzit, B. Khiari and F. Zagrouba, “Energetic Valorisation of Olive Mill Wastewater Impregnated on Low Cost Absorbent: Sawdust versus Olive Solid Waste,” Energy, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2012, pp.74-81. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.044
[4]	R. Borja, B. Rincon, F. Raposo, J. Alba and A. Martin, “A Study of Anaerobic Digestibility of Two-Phases Olive Mill Solid Waste (OMSW) at Mesophilic Temperature,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2002, pp. 733-742. doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00202-9
[5]	M. Niaounakis and C. P. Halvadakis, “Olive Processing Waste Management, Literature Review and Patent Survey,” 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
[6]	P. Paraskeva and E. Diamadopoulos, “Technologies for Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) Treatment: A Review,” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 81, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1475-1485. doi:10.1002/jctb.1553
[7]	R. Borja, E. Sanchez, F. Raposso, B. Rincon, A. M. Jimenez and A. Martin, “A Study of the Natural Biodegradation of Two-Phase Olive Mill Solid Waste during Its Storage in an Evaporation Pond,” Waste Management, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2006, pp. 477-486. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.024
[8]	R. Jarboui, F. Sellami, A. Kharroubi, N. Gharsallah and E. Ammar, “Olive Mill Wastewater Stabilization in Open Air Ponds: Impact on Clay-Sandy Soil,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7699-7708. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.074
[9]	J. Benitez, J. Beltran-Heredia, J. Torregrosa, J. L Acero and V. Cercas, “Aerobic Degradation of Olive Mill Wastewaters,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1997, pp. 185-188. doi:10.1007/s002530050910
[10]	K. Fadil, A. Chahlaoui, A. Ouahbi, A. Zaid and R. Borja, “Aerobic Biodegradation and Detoxification of Waste-waters Form the Olive Oil Industry,” International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2003, pp. 37-41. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00073-2
[11]	G. Pekin, S. Haskok, S. Sargin, Y. Gezgin, R. Eltem and E. Ikizoglu, “Anaerobic Digestion of Aegean Olive Mill Effluents with and without Pre-Treatment,” Journal of Chemical, Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 85, No. 7, 2010, pp. 976-982. doi:10.1002/jctb.2390
[12]	M. R. Goncalves, J. P. Costa, I. P. Marques and M. M. Alves, “Inoculum Acclimation to Oleate Promotes the Conversion of Olive Mill Wastewater to Methane,” Energy, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2011, pp. 2138-2141. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.04.042
[13]	M. L. Cayuela, P. D. Millner, S. L. F. Meyer and A. Roig, “Potential of Olive Mill Waste and Compost as Biobased Pesticides against Weeds, Fungi, and Nematodes,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 399, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.031
[14]	F. Sellami, R. Jarboui, S. Hachicha, K. Medhioub and E. Ammar, “Co-Compoting of Oil Exhausted Olive-Cake, Poultry Manure and Industrial Residues of Agro-Food Activity for Soil Amendment,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1177-1188. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.018
[15]	B. Ben Rouina, H. Taamallah and E. Ammar, “Vegetation Water Used as a Fertilizer on Young Olive Plants,” Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 474, No. 1, 1999, pp. 353-355.
[16]	C. Paredes, M. Bernal, J. Cegarra and A. Roig, “Bio-Degradation of Olive Mill Wastewater Sludge by Its Co-Composting with Agricultural Wastes,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 85, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00078-0
[17]	I. Saadi, Y. Laor, M. Raviv and S. Medina, “Land Spreading of Olive Wastewater: Effects on Soil Microbial Activity and Potential Phytotoxicity,” Chemosphere, Vol. 66, No. 1, 2007, pp. 75-83. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.019
[18]	A. Roig, M. L. Cayuela and M. A. Sanchez-Monedero, “An Overview on Olive Mill Wastes and Their Valorisation Methods,” Waste Management, Vol. 26, No. 9, 2006, pp. 960-969. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.024
[19]	I. E. Kapellakis, K. P. Tsagarakis and J. C. Crowther, “Olive Oil History, Production and By-Product Management,” Review of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1-26. doi:10.1007/s11157-007-9120-9
[20]	D. A. Wunderlin, M. P. Diaz, M. V. Ame, S. F. Pesce, A. C. Hued and M. A. Bistoni, “Pattern Recognition Techniques for the Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality. A Case Study: Suquia River Basin (Cordoba-Argentina),” Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 12, 2001, pp. 2881-2894.
[21]	D. Chapman, “Water Quality Assessment,” On Behalf of UNESCO, WHO, and UNPE, Chapman &Hall, London, 1992.
[22]	M. Vega, R. Pardo, E. Barrado and L. Deban, “Assessment of Seasonal and Polluting Effects on the Quality of River Water by Exploratory Data Analysis,” Water Research, Vol. 32, No. 12, 1998, pp. 3581-3592. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
[23]	B. Helena, R. Pardo, M. Vega, E. Barrado, J. M. Fernandez and L. Fernandez, “Temporal Evolution of Ground-water Composition in an Alluvial Aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis,” Water Research, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2000, pp. 807-816. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
[24]	C. Rosen and A. J. Lennox, “Multivariate and Multiscale Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment Operation,” Water Research, Vol. 35, No. 14, 2001, pp. 3402-3410. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00069-0
[25]	A. Ouali, Ch. Azri, K. Medhioub and A. Ghrabi, “Descriptive and Multivariable Analysis of the Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters of Sfax Wastewater Treatment Plant,” Desalination, Vol. 246, No. 1-3, 2009, pp. 496-505. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.058
[26]	H. Sahnoun, M. M. Serbaji, B. Karray and K. Medhioub, “GIS and Multi-Criteria Analysis to Select Potential Sites of Agro-Industrial Complex,” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 8, 2012, pp. 2477-2489. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1471-4
[27]	V. Simeonov, J. A. Stratis, C. Samara, G. Zachariadis, D. Voutsa, A. Anthemidis, M. Sofoniou and Th. Kouimtzis, “Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in Northern Greece,” Water Research, Vol. 37, No. 17, 2003, pp. 4119-4124. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1
[28]	K. P. Singh, A. Malik, D. Mohan and S. Sinha, “Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Gomti River (India)—A Case Study,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 18, 2004, pp. 3980-3992. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.011
[29]	M. Ellouze, Ch. Azri and H. Abida, “Spatial Variability of Monthly and Annual Rainfall Data over Southern Tunisia,” Atmospheric Research, Vol. 93, No. 4, 2009, pp. 832-839. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.04.005
[30]	B. Escofier and J. Pagès, “Mise en Ceuvre de l’AFM Pour des Tableaux Numériques, Quantitatifs ou Mixtes,” Publication Interne de l’IRISA, 1985.
[31]	S. Shrestha and F. Kazama, “Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Fuji River Basin, Japan,” Environmental Modelling and Software, Vol. 22: No. 2, 2007, pp. 464-475. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001
[32]	H. Sahnoun, B. Karray and M. M. Serbaji, “Mécanismes de Gestion des Margines en Tunisie: Une Vision Multidimensionnelle de la Problématique des Margines à Sfax,” Conférence Francophone ESRI, Pairs, 11-12 October 2005.
[33]	A. Mekki, A. Dhouib and S. Sayadi, “Changes in Microbial and Soil Properties Following Amendment with Treated and Untreated Olive Mill Wastewater,” Microbiological Research, Vol. 161, No. 2, 2006, pp. 93-101. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2005.06.001
[34]	H. Sahnoun, M. M. Serbaji, B. Karray and K. Medhioub, “GIS and Multicriteria Analysis to Select Potential Sites of Agro-Industrial Complexes,” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 8, 2012, pp. 2477-2489. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1471-4
[35]	R. S’habou, M. Zairi, A. Kallel, A. Aydi and H. Ben Dhia, “Assensing the Effect of an Olive Mill Wastewater Evaporation Pond in Sousse, Tunisia,” Environmental Geology, Vol. 58, No. 3, 2009, pp. 679-686. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1542-3
[36]	V. Kavvadias, M. K. Doula, K. Komnitsas and N. Liakopoulou, “Disposal of Olive Oil Wastes in Evaporation Ponds: Effects on Soil Properties,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 182, No. 1-3, 2010, pp. 144-155. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.007
[37]	M. C. Annesini, A. R. Giona, F. Gironi and F. Pochetti, “Treatment of Olive Oil Wastes by Distillation,” Effluent Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6, 1983, pp. 245-248.
[38]	A. Chouchene, M. Jeguirim, G. Trouve, A. Favre-Reguillon and G. Le Buzit, “Combined Process for the Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater: Absorption on Swadust and Combustion of Theimpregnated Sawdust,” Bioressources Technology, Vol. 101, No. 3, 2010, pp. 6962-6971. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.017
[39]	D. Atanassova, P. Kefalas, C. Petrakis, D. Mantzavinos, N. Kalogerakis and E. Psillakis, “Sonochemical Reduction of the Antioxidant Activity of Olive Mill Wastewater,” Environment International, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 275-280. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.003
[40]	C. J. McNamara, C. C. Anastasiou, V. O’Flaherty and R. Mitchell, “Bioremediation of Olive Mill Wastewater,” International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, Vol. 61, No. 2, 2008, pp. 127-134.
[41]	F. Cabrera, R. Lopez, A. Martinez-Bordiu, E. Dupuy de Lome and J. M. Murillo, “Land Treatment of Olive Mill Waste Water,” International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, Vol. 38, No. 6, 1996, pp. 215-225. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00054-6
[42]	G. Rana, M. Rinaldi and M. Introna, “Volatilisation of Substances after Spreading Olive Oil Waste Water on the Soil in a Mediterranean Environment,” Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2003, pp. 49-58. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00013-6
[43]	A. Mekki, A. Dhouib and S. Sayadi, “Evolution of Several Soil Properties Following Amendment with Olive Mill Wastewater,” Progress in Natural Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1515-1521. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.04.014
[44]	R. Altieri and A. Esposito, “Evaluation of the Fertilizing Effect of Olive Mill Waste Compost in Short-Term Crops,” International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2010, pp. 124-128. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.12.002