Hybrid Method for the Formation of Biocomposites on the Surface of Stainless Steel Implants

Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov, Viktor P. Ignatov, Igor B. Stepanov, Denis O. Sivin, Danila G. Petlin

Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.

DOI: 10.4236/eng.2012.410078                

Abstract

This study reports a hybrid method which allows the formation of biocomposites on stainless steel implants. The main idea of the method is to create multilayer coatings consisting of titanium primer layer and a microarc calcium-phosphate coating. The titanium layer is deposited from plasma of continuous vacuum-arc discharge, and calcium-phosphate coating is formed by the microarc oxidation technique. The purpose of the hybrid method is to combine the properties of good strength stainless steel with high bioactivity of calcium-phosphate coating. This paper describes the chemical composition, morphology characteristics, adhesion and the ability of the formed biocomposites to stimulate the processes of osteoinduction. It is expedient to use such biocomposites for implants which carry heavy loads and are intended for long-term use, e.g. total knee endoprosthesis.

Keywords

Biocomposite; Stainless Steel; Titanium; Vacuum-Arc Deposition of Coatings; Short-Pulse High-Frequency Plasma-Immersion Ion Implantation; Microarc Oxidation; Implant

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	L. Galois and D. Mainard, “Bone Ingrowth into Two Porous Ceramics with Different Pore Sizes: An Experimental Study,” Acta Orthop?dica Belgica, Vol. 70, No. 6, 2004, pp. 598-603.
[2]	S. V. Dorozhkin, “Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials Based on Calcium Orthophosphates,” Biomatter, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2011, pp. 3-56. doi:10.4161/biom.1.1.16782
[3]	J. C. Park, H. Ch. Lim, J. Y. Sohn, J. H. Yun, U. W. Jung, et al., “Bone Regeneration Capacity of Two Different Macroporous Biphasic Calcium Materials in Rabbit Calvarial Defect,” Journal of Korean Academy of Periodontology, Vol. 39, 2009, pp. 223-230. doi:10.5051/jkape.2009.39.S.223
[4]	C. Y. Ning, Y. J. Wang, W. W. Lu, Q. X. Qiu, R. W. Lam, et al., “Nano-Structural Bioactive Gradient Coating Fabricated by Computer Controlled Plasma-Spraying Technology,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2006, pp. 875-884. doi:10.1007/s10856-006-0176-9
[5]	Y. Bai, K. A. Kim, I. S. Park, S. J. Lee, T. S. Bae, et al., “In Situ Composite Coating of Titania-Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Substrate by Micro-Arc Oxidation Coupled with Electrophoretic Deposition Processing,” Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 176, No. 15, 2011, pp. 1213-1221. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2011.06.019
[6]	T. Troczynski and D. M. Liu, “Sol-Gel Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Coatings and Method of Making Same,” US Patent No. 6426114, 2002.
[7]	S. Sarangapani and P. D. Calvert, “Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Coatings and Method for Making the Same,” US Patent No. 6129928, 2000.
[8]	M. M. Dicu, M. Abrudeanu, J. P. Millet, S. Moga, V. Rizea, et al., “Physico-Chemical Properties of Microarc Oxidation of Biocompatible Coatings on Titanium: Influence of Electrochemistry Parameters,” UPB Scientific Bulletin: B, Vol. 74, No. 1, 2012, pp. 193-202.
[9]	L. H. Li, H. W. Kim, S. H. Lee, Y. M. Kong and H. E. Kim, “Biocompatibility of Titanium Implants Modified by Microarc Oxidation and Hydroxyapatite Coating,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 73, No. 1, 2005, pp. 48-54.
[10]	S. H. Lee, H. W. Kim, E. J. Lee, L. H. Li and H. E. Kim, “Hydroxyapatite-TiO2 Hybrid Coating on Ti Implants,” Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2006, pp. 195-208. doi:10.1177/0885328206050518
[11]	H. D. Steffens and M. Mack, “Plasma Spraying as an Advanced Tool in Surface Engineering,” Pure & Applied Chemistry, Vol. 62, No. 9, 1990, pp. 1801-1808. doi:10.1351/pac199062091801
[12]	D. M. Brunette, P. Tengvall, M. Textor and P. Thomsen, “Titanium in Medicine: Material Science, Surface Science, Engineering, Biological responses and Medical Applications,” Springer, New York, 2001.
[13]	S. I. Tverdokhlebov, V. P. Ignatov, I. B. Stepanov, D. O. Sivin and V. P. Shakhov, “Calcium-Phosphate Bioactive Coating on the Implant and Method of Deposition,” RF Patent No. 2423150, 2009.
[14]	A. I. Ryabchikov and I. B. Stepanov, “Equipment and Methods for Hybrid Technologies of Ion Beam and Plasma Surface Materials Modification,” Surface and Coating Technology, Vol. 203, No. 17-18, 2009, pp. 2784-2787. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.02.126
[15]	V. V. Aghajanian, S. I. Tverdokhlebov, E. N. Bol’basov, V. P. Ignatov and E. V. Shesterikov, “Osteoinductive Coatings Based on Calcium Phosphates and the Prospects for Their Use in the Treatment of Polytrauma,” Polytrauma, No. 3, 2011, pp. 5-13.