Childhood Glaucoma: An Overview

Parul Singh, Yogesh Kumar, Manoj Tyagi, Krishna Kuldeep, Parmeshwari Das Sharma

Department of Ophthalmology, V.C.S.G.G.M.S. & R.I., Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

DOI: 10.4236/ojoph.2012.23015                

Abstract

Several types of childhood glaucoma exist, and the terminology is based on the time of onset of disease and its potential cause. Though childhood glaucoma occurs less commonly than adults but can lead to permanent visual damage due to amblyopia, optic neuropathy or refractive error. A detailed evaluation should be done to establish diagnosis. Medical therapy has a limited role and surgery remains main modality for treatment. Childhood glaucoma is a treatable disease, if early diagnosis is established and therapeutic intervention done in time. In children with low vision efforts should be there to maintain residual vision and visual rehabilitation with low vision aids should be done.

Keywords

Childhood Glaucoma; Goniotomy; Trabeculotomy

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	D. H. Hoskins, R. N. Shaffers and J. Hetherington, “Ana-tomical Classification of the Developmental Glaucomas,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 102, No. 9, 1984, pp. 1331-1336. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031081030
[2]	S. J. H. Miller, “Genetic Aspects of Glaucoma,” Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of the UK, Vol. 86, 1966, pp. 425-434.
[3]	S. C. Debnath, K. D. Teichmann and K. Salamah, “Trabeculectomy versus Trabeculotomy in Congenital Glaucoma,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 73, No. 8, 1989, pp. 608-611. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.8.608
[4]	A. Gencik, “Epidemiology and Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Slovakia. Description of a Form of Primary Congenital in Gypsies with Autosomal-Recessive Inheritance and Complete Penetrance,” Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 16, 1989, pp. 76-115.
[5]	V. P. DeLuise and D. R. Anderson, “Primary Infantile Glaucoma (Congenital Glaucoma),” Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1983, pp. 1-19. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(83)90174-1
[6]	R. N. Shaffer, “Genetics and the Congenital Glaucomas,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 60, 1965, pp. 981-994.
[7]	A. E. Kolker and J. Hetherington, “Congenital Glaucoma,” In: Becker-Shaffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas, 5th Edition, CV Mosby, St Louis, 1983, p. 317
[8]	M. Sarfarazi and I. Stoilov, “Molecular Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma,” Eye, Vol. 14, 2000, pp. 422- 428. doi:10.1038/eye.2000.126
[9]	A. N. Akarsu, M. E. Turacli, S. G. Aktan, et al., “A Second Locus (GLC3C) for Primary Glaucoma (Buphthalmos) Maps to the 1p36 Region,” Human Molecular Genetics, Vol. 5, No. 8, 1996, pp. 1199-1203. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.8.1199
[10]	I. R. Stoilov and M. Sarfarazzi, “The Third Genetic Locus (GLC3C) for Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) Maps to Chromosome 14q24.3,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 1820-1827.
[11]	M. Sarfarazi, A. N. Arkarsu, A. Hossain, et al., “Assignment of a Locus (GLC3A) for Primary Congenital Glaucoma (Buph-thalmos) to 2p21 and Evidence for Genetic Heterogeneity,” Genomics, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1995, pp. 171- 178. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9888
[12]	I. Stoilov, A. Nurten and M. Sarfarazi, “Identification of Three Different Truncating Mutations in Cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) as the Principal Cause of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Families Linked to the GLC3A on Chromosome 2p21,” Human Molecular Genetics, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1997, pp. 641-647. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.641
[13]	B. A. Bejjani, R. A. Lewis, T. F. Tomey, et al., “Mutations in CYP1B1, the Gene for Cytochrome P4501B1, Are the Predominant Cause of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Saudi Arabia,” American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 62, No. 2, 1998, pp. 325-333. doi:10.1086/301725
[14]	S. G. Panicker, A. N. Mandal, A. B. M. Reddy, V. K. Gothwal and S. E. Hasnain, “Correlations of Genotype with Phenotype in Indian Patients with Primary Congenital Glaucoma,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2004, pp. 1149-1156.
[15]	A. T. Johnson, A. V. Drack, A. E. Kwitek, et al., “Clinical Features and Linkage Analysis of a Family Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Glaucoma,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 100, No. 4, 1993, pp. 524-529.
[16]	V. C. Sheffield, E. M. Stone, W. L. M. Alward, et al., “Genetic Linkage of Familial Open Angle Glaucoma to Chromosome 1q21-q31,” Nature Genetics, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1993, pp. 47-50. doi:10.1038/ng0593-47
[17]	D. B. Gould, A. J. Mears, W. G. Pearce and M. A. Walter, “Autosomal Dominant Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly Maps to 6p25,” American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 61, No. 3, 1997, pp. 765-768. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64340-7
[18]	T. Glaser, D. S. Walton and R. L. Mass, “Genomic Structure, Evolutionary Conservative and Aniridia Mutations in the Human PAX6 Gene,” Nature Genetics, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1992, pp. 232-239. doi:10.1038/ng1192-232
[19]	O. Barkan, “Pathogenesis of Congenital Glaucoma,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 40, 1955, pp. 1-11.
[20]	I. Tugal-Tutkun, K. Havrlikova, W. J. Power and C. S. Foster, “Changing Patterns in Uveitis of Child-hood,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 103, No. 3, 1996, pp. 375-383.
[21]	D. S. Walton, “Pediatric Aphakic Glaucoma: A Study of 65 Patients,” Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, Vol. 93, 1995, pp. 403-413.
[22]	R. N. Shaffer and J. Hetherington Jr., “The Glaucomatous Disc in Infants. A Suggested Hypothesis for Disc Cupping,” Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology, Vol. 73, No. 5, 1969, pp. 923-935.
[23]	K. T. Richardson and R. N. Shaffers, “Optic-Nerve Cupping in Congenital Glaucoma,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 62, No. 3, 1966, pp. 507-509.
[24]	R. N. Jaffar and A. K. Ghulam-qadir, “Effect of Oral Choral Hydrate on the Intraocular Pressure Measurement,” Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1993, pp. 372-376.
[25]	H. D. Hoskins Jr., J. Hetherington Jr., S. D. Magee, R. Naykhin and C. V. Migliazzo, “Clinical Experience with Timolol in Childhood Glaucoma,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 103, No. 8, 1985, pp. 1163-1165. doi:10.1001/archopht.1985.01050080075024
[26]	L. B. Enyedi and S. F. Freedman, “Safety and Efficacy of Bri-monidine in Children with Glaucoma,” Journal of AAPOS, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2001, pp. 281-284. doi:10.1067/mpa.2001.117571
[27]	R. J, Bowman, J, Cope and K, K. Nischal, “Ocular and Systemic Side-Effects of Brimonidine 0.25% Eye Drops (Alphagan in Children),” Eye, Vol. 18, 2004, pp. 24-26. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700520
[28]	L. I. Larsson and A. Alm, “Aqueous Humor Flow in Human Eyes Treated with Dorzolamide and Different Doses of Acetazolamide,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 116, No. 1, 1998, pp. 19-24.
[29]	M. Portellos, E. G. Buckley and S. F. Freedman, “Topical versus Oral Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor for Pediatric Glaucoma,” Journal of AAPOS, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1998, pp. 43-47. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(98)90109-4
[30]	L. L. Wayman, L. I. Larsson, T. L. Maus and R. F. Brubaker, “Additive Effect of Dorzolamide on Aqueous Humor Flow in Patients Receiving Long Term Treatment with Timolol,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 116, No. 11, 1998, pp. 1438-1440.
[31]	R. K. Parrish, P. Palmberg and W. P. Sheu, “A Comparison of Latanoprost, Bimatoprost and Travoprost in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure: A 12-Week, Randomized, Masked-Evaluator Multicenter Study,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 135, No. 5, 2003, pp. 688-703. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00098-9
[32]	L. B. Enyedi, S. F. Freedman and E. G. Buckley, “The Effectiveness of Latanoprost for the Treatment of Pediatric Glaucoma,” Journal of AAPOS, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1999, pp. 33-39. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70092-3
[33]	K. S. Morgan, B. Black, F. D. Ellis and E. M. Helveston, “Treatment of Congenital Glaucoma,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 92, 1981, pp. 799-803.
[34]	K. M. Joos and J. H. Shen, “An Ocular Endoscope Enables a Goniotomy Despite a Cloudy Cornea,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 119, No. 1, 2001, pp. 134-135.
[35]	S. D. McPherson Jr. and D. MacFarland, “External Trabeculotomy for Developmental Glaucoma,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 87, No. 4, 1980, pp. 302-305.
[36]	S. D. McPherson Jr. and D. P. Berry, “Goniotomy vs External Trabeculotomy for Developmental Glaucoma,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 95, No. 4, 1983, pp. 427-431.
[37]	A. D. Beck and M. G. Lynch, “360 Degrees Trabeculotomy for Congenital Glaucoma,” Archives of Ophthal- mology, Vol. 113, No. 9, 1995, pp. 1200-1202. doi:10.1001/archopht.1995.01100090126034
[38]	G. R. Beauchamp and M. M. Parks, “Filtering Surgery in Children: Barriers to Success,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 86, No. 1, 1979, pp. 170-180.
[39]	A. K. Mandal, D. S. Walton, T. John, et al., “Mitomycin C Augmented Tra-beculectomy in Refactory Congenital Glaucoma,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 104, No. 6, 1997, pp. 996-1003.
[40]	R. Susanna, E. W. Oltrogge, J. C. E. Carani, et al., “Mi-to-mycin as Adjunct Chemotherapy with Trabeculectomy in Congenital and Developmental Glaucomas,” Journal of Glaucoma, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1995, pp. 151-157. doi:10.1097/00061198-199506000-00002
[41]	S. Waheed, D. C. Ritterband and D. S. Greenfield, “Bleb-Related Ocular Infection in Children after Trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C,” Ophthalmology, Vol. 104, No. 12, 1997, pp. 2117-2120.
[42]	M. Zalish, H. Leiba and M. Oliver, “Subconjunctival Injection of 5-Fluorouracil Following Trabeculectomy for Congenital and Infantile Glaucoma,” Ophthalmic Surgery, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1992, pp. 203-205.
[43]	M. Akimato, H. Tamihara, A. Negi and M. Nagata, “Surgical Results of Trabeculotomy ab Externo for Developmental Glaucoma,” Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 112, No. 12, 1994, pp. 1540-1544.
[44]	A. K. Mandal and D. Chakrabarti, “Update on Congenital Glaucoma,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2011, pp. 148-157. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.73683