Endoscopic Internal Urethrotomy Outcomes in the Management of Male Urethral Strictures ()
1. Introduction
Urethral stricture is an intrinsic and permanent decrease in the caliber of the urethra, which leads to an obstruction in the flow of urine. Sexually transmitted infection and urethra trauma are the main causes reported in the literature. Diverse treatments options for male urethral stricture exist, which include endoscopic internal urethrotomy (EIU), urethroplasty and bougienage [1].
Urethroplasty is an invasive method of treatment for urethral stricture, which carries the risk of male sexual dysfunction and deformation of the penis. Bougienage technique is not used in our context because of lack of equipment. EIU technique involves a high rate of recurrences, especially when the stricture is greater than 1 cm. However, in our context, EIU remains the most practical and accessible option for the treatment of urethral stricture [2]. Since EIU is carried out, no study has been able to evaluate its results. This is how we proposed to carry out this study with the aim to evaluate the outcomes of EIU treatment for male stricture.
2. Patients and Methods
We conducted a retrospective study from 2012 to 2017 at the Urology and Andrology Department of the University Hospital in Brazzaville-Congo. We focused on the medical records of patients who were hospitalized for urethral stricture and underwent EIU. The inclusion criteria for this study were: availability of medical observation, RUG results, operative report and postoperative follow-up data. In addition, we considered patients with a unique stricture < 1 cm length and no presence of spongiofibrosis. On the basis of these criteria, 30 medical records were selected. A Cytobacteriological Exam of Urine (ECBU) was performed preoperatively to ensure the absence of urinary tract infection. The urethrotomy was performed using a Woolf brand urethrotomy fitted with a 0˚ optical urethrotomy. The stricture was catheterized by a guidewire, and the incision was made at the 12 o’clock position. The procedure ended with the insertion of an indwelling urethral catheter. We studied the following variables: frequency of urethral stricture; age of patients; onset; cause and location of urethral stricture; procedure duration, bladder catheterization duration; hospitalization duration; and post-operative complications. The treatment outcome was assessed after a follow-up of 2.6 years (with extremes of 2 and 4 years). Outcomes were considered successful or good when the patients had a normal urine flow and an unobstructed urethra at the RUG. Conversely, it was considered unsuccessful or poor when patients had dysuria and a RUG showing a narrowed urethra.
Data entry and processing were carried out using Epi-info software version 7.2.2.6 The various tables and graphs were generated using the Microsoft Office Excel 2016 software. For quantitative variables, we calculated means and standard deviations.
3. Results
During the study period, 2610 patients were admitted into the Urology-Andrology department, of which 80 patients were treated for urethral stricture. Among these patients, 30 underwent an internal endoscopic urethrotomy. The mean age was 47.5 ± 9.7 years (extremes 17 and 83 years). The most common symptoms reported were dysuria (19 patients), followed by urinary retention (7 patients) and pollakiuria (4 patients). We found that male urethral strictures were mostly caused by infections (20 patients). The other causes were urethral trauma (7 patients) and iatrogenic lesions due to bladder catheterization (3 patients).
Among these patients who had post-traumatic urethral strictures, 3 were the consequence of a pelvic trauma due to car accident, which involved membranous urethra, and 4 were due to perineal trauma, which involved bulbar urethra (perineal).
RUG results showed that all patients had a unique stricture with a length less than 1 cm in our study. Urethral strictures were located in 3 different areas: bulbar urethra (25 patients), membranous urethra (4 patients), and penile urethra (1 patient).
Twenty-six patients had anterior urethral strictures and 4 patients had posterior urethral strictures.
The mean duration of the procedure was 16.7 minutes (extremes 6 and 25 minutes). The mean duration of the bladder catheterization was 2.3 days (extremes of 1 and 5 days). Hospitalization duration was 36 hours (extremes 24 and 72 hours). We observed the following complications: urethrorrhagia in 3 patients, acute orchiepididymitis in 1 patient, successfully treated with fluoroquinolone.
Outcomes were considered successful or good in 23 patients and poor in 7 patients. Among those successfully treated, 22 had an anterior urethral stricture (Table 1).
4. Discussion
Male urethral stricture is a common condition. The treatment depends on the location, the cause, the length of the stricture, and the availability of the technical equipment. Treatment methods include minimally invasive techniques (dilation, EIU) and surgical reconstructions using a flap or graft [3] [4]. EIU is indicated for the treatment of a short stricture less than 1 cm in length, and it is performed using a urethrotome [2] [5] [6]. Following the procedure, a catheter is inserted for 8 to 24 hours. The duration of the bladder catheterization is controversial; some authors like Chiari [7] are in favor of prolonged bladder catheterization,
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Table 1. Distribution of UIE results according to the sites of urethral stricture.
while other authors, like Johnston [8], are in favor of a short catheterization. In our practice, our preference is a short catheterization period.
EIU Stricture treatment was successful in 23 patients, which represents 77%. Similar trends have been reported by Benjelloun in Morocco [9], Guirassy in Guinea [10], and Dje in the Ivory Coast [11]. The hospitalization duration was 36 hours, which is shorter than other studies that reported duration of 6.8 and 6 days respectively [11] [12].
In our study, 10% of our patients experienced complications related to the procedure. Urethrorrhagia was the main complication in our study; however, it didn’t require a transfusion. Other authors reported higher bleeding rates, and it was due to the existence of other per operative complications [11] [12].
We found one infectious complication in our study, which was an orchiepididymitis. Dje et al. [11] reported that 83% of postoperative complications were infectious, and orchiepididymitis represented 1% of the cases.
We obtained successful outcomes in 23 patients. Our results were similar to those reported by Mhiri [13]. However, other studies found a higher failure rate [11]. A successful outcome of an EIU depends on the cause, location, and length of the stricture. For Dubey [14], traumatic strictures have a higher rate of failure than sclero-inflammatory strictures, which is consistent with what we reported in our study. Failures were observed 43% in traumatic strictures and 20% in infectious strictures. Mhiri [13] reported contrasting results.
Regarding the location of the stricture, outcomes were better when the stricture was at the proximal urethra [15]. In our study, we reported better results for anterior urethral strictures in 22 cases.
In order to achieve successful results, we believe that the length of the stricture should be considered when planning EIU procedure. Normally, EIU should be limited to urethral stricture of less than 1 cm. Isen et al. [16], who performed EIU in that indication, obtained 86.8% of good results in the 3 months, and only 14.2% of patients required a second urethrotomy. In our study, the majority of patients had urethral stenosis small size, a good indication for EID while in Yameogo et al. [17], stenosis of the urethra was very extensive which is why open surgery was the only indication. Our study reported a 77% success rate and a 23% failure rate in the first EIU cases. Of these, 17% required a second EIU and 7% required dilation with Van Buren Sounds.
The study is carried out retrospectively, with a limited number of patients related to the conditions of selection, excluding certain files due to lack of information, and on the basis of exploitation of the records of a single department. It is therefore not representative of all patients operated in Congo by EID for urethral stricture. Its cross-sectional nature and small sample size limit the scope of its conclusions.
5. Conclusion
Endoscopic internal urethrotomy is a simple treatment method for male urethral stricture. It is associated with few complications. In our context where the practice of endoscopic internal urethrotomy is recent, it provides satisfactory results for the treatment of short urethral male stricture and should be recommended as first-line treatment for these types of lesions.