Assessment of Lactational Performance in Dairy Cows Receiving a Rumen Protected B Vitamin Blend during Lactation: Part 1: A Meta-Analysis of 50 Studies ()
1. Introduction
The water soluble “B” vitamins are indispensable nutrients for all mammalian species. The functions of these nutrients are wide ranging and impact all aspects of health and productivity. The primary source of B vitamins for lactating dairy cattle is from the microbial synthesis in the rumen [1] [2] as most of the B vitamins from feed ingredients are quickly destroyed upon exposure to rumen microbes [1] [3] [4]. Early research, conducted in an era when productivity per cow was lower than now, demonstrated that microbial synthesis of B vitamins was adequate to support requirements [5] [6] [7] [8]. The findings were largely unchallenged until the turn of the century. The contemporary dairy cow has the genetic potential to produce greater quantities of milk.
Thus almost 50 years later, exploratory research conducted by Girard et al. [9] demonstrated improvements in production with folic acid injections. Bonomi et al. [10], dosing cows with pyridoxine noted improvements in milk production and reproductive performance. Biotin supported hoof health and increased milk yield in high producing cows [11] while thiamin was likewise shown to influence milk yield [12]. Recent research has shown that the amounts of B vitamins synthesized are variable and are altered by feeding conditions such as forage to concentrate ratio [13] [14] [15], rumen nitrogen availability [16], and even the ingredients per-se [16] [17]. The fact that rumen microbes may not provide adequate amounts of B vitamins to allow optimum productivity is now being accepted as true [1].
Because of microbial destruction for many of the B vitamins, research to determine post-ruminal metabolic responses requires the feeding of very high dietary concentrations or frequent intramuscular injections of the vitamins, to permit small quantities to escape to the intestines. With neither being of practical purpose, research regarding the actual requirements of B vitamins for functional ruminants has lagged. This difficulty in providing B vitamins has in recent times been overcome with rumen protection technology. The technology allows affordable concentrations of vitamins to be supplied and evaluated.
Lactation VB is a rumen protected B vitamin (RPBV) blend developed by Jefo, (St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada) and contains folic acid, B12, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, and biotin. The product was formulated to provide the vitamins most likely to be deficient in lactating dairy cows for optimum performance [18] [19].
In a previous series published in this Journal [19] [20] individual cow results from double reversal trials were combined to assess the impact of the same RPBV blend using regression models. The results revealed greater milk, fat, and protein yield overall. All studies were conducted in Canada and the United States of America. Since that time, additional trials have been conducted over a broader geographic range allowing more insight into the potential for supplementation of B vitamins in a rumen protected form. The current evaluation is based on a meta-analysis of 50 feeding experiments conducted in 7 countries.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background and Description of Individual Trials
Data from past on-farm trials in which the RPBV blend (Jefo, St. Hyacinthe, QC Canada) was compared to a control diet containing no added B vitamins in any format were obtained. Fifty, three-period double reversal feeding studies conducted between 2005 and 2015 were included in these analyses. Treatments were allocated in the sequence control-test-control. The two control periods were compared to the test period, as described by Sanders and Gaynor [21]. The treatment consisted of adding the test product to an existing diet. The test product, which provided rumen protected folic acid, B12, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, and biotin imbedded in a lipid matrix was added during the test period at the feeding rate of 3 g/cow/day.
Within each trial, treatment comparisons consisted of adding the test product to an existing diet. All diets were assumed to be nutritionally adequate, but no instructions were issued to alter the diets or usual feeding practices for the benefit of the trials. The test product, which provided rumen protected folic acid, B12, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, and biotin was added to the current diet during the test period at the feeding rate of 3 g/cow/day.
Trials were invigilated by consulting nutritionists and veterinarians and those included in the analyses were determined to meet the following criteria: All trials supplied data by the cow for cow name or number, lactation number, days in milk at the first milk collection period, milk production, milk fat yield and milk protein yield for three consecutive periods. Periods were defined as the length of time between individual cow monthly monitoring, typically 28 - 33 days in length. Cows included in each analysis were present and tested in all three periods and were greater than 45 DIM at the first milk test date.
All herds participated in registered monthly recording services, and all were Holstein herds. No instructions were issued to alter the diets or the normal farm feeding routine to benefit the trial outcome. Trials were included in the analysis if confirmed by both the farm staff and the formulating nutritionist that no dietary changes to rations had been made over the course of the experiment, and there were no known management issues that would impact the diet, feeding, or health of the cows
2.2. Meta-Analysis of the 50 Available Trials
Trial result data were analyzed using Meta-Essentials Software (Creative Commons, Mountain View, CA, USA) as outlined by Suurmond et al. [22] for a random-effects model. Effect size was calculated for milk, fat and protein yield based on the treatment differences and standard errors (SE) from the individual trials. Forest plots were developed from the results and provide information on the effect size by trial and the 95% confidence interval (mean ± two standard deviations). Results were declared significant if the P value was less than 0.05 (i.e., the probability that the differences occurred by chance is under 5%).
3. Results and Discussion
Trials were conducted globally (Australia-6, Brazil-6, Canada-28, Chile-3, Colombia-1, Mexico-4, Spain-1 and USA 16 trials). A total of 6483 cows were represented with an average of 129.7 ± 118.0 participants/study and an average parity of 2.2. Cows were largely mid to late lactation, with DIM averaging 159 ± 26 at the first test date.
Table 1 provides the results for effect size, confidence intervals, prediction intervals and statistical significance (P values). Milk production was increased by 0.88 kg/cow/day with the inclusion of the RPBV (P < 0.05). Yields of fat and protein were likewise increased when the diets were supplemented with the RPBV. The findings from these analyses are consistent with results determined from a limited number of trials conducted in North America [19] and support the fact that lactating dairy cows respond positively to the inclusion of RPBV.
Figures 1-3 provide results graphically in forest plot format. The results indicate that, while largely positive, there is considerable between trial variations in herd responses to RPBV blend. Frequency distributions for milk yield, fat yield and protein yield are provided in histogram format in Figures 4-6 respectively. These data show that while variable, results were largely positive when vitamin supplementation is provided over the wide range in conditions.
The changes are modest, but suggest that, though no visible signs, cows are experiencing deficiencies in B vitamins. Girard and Graulet [1] remarked that a deficiency occurs any time a supply is lower than a need. A deficiency may not result in clinical signs of poor health or performance, but rather some metabolic distress that can resolve itself as lower growth or milk yield production, lower response to stress or reduced reproductive capabilities.
In some studies, individually administered vitamins have been demonstrated to improve milk production parameters. Chen et al. [23] noted that biotin was not completely degraded in the rumen, and identified 11 studies in which supplemental biotin was given to lactating dairy cows. The researchers found supplementation of diets with biotin significantly improved milk yield in 6 of the 11 experiments. Girard and Matte [24] found that intramuscular injections of folic acid increased milk yield in multiparous, but not primiparous cows.
Other biological uses of vitamins may supersede their use for milk production and further contribution to variability in results. Morrison et al. [25] determined that RPBV reduced anovulation in dairy cattle from 23% to 11% by 8 weeks post
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Table 1. Results of meta-analyses for milk, fat and protein yield from 65 trials evaluating the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins (RPBV) in diets for cows in mid-lactation.
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Figure 1. Forest plot for milk yield. Trial weighting is determined by the standard error. Plots provide individual trial effect size and confidence interval. The lowermost bar shows the overall effect size, confidence interval (inner bar) and prediction interval (outer bar).
partum in dairy herds is considered to be optimally managed. Similarly, Duplessis et al. [26] found that intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 and folic acid in periparturient cows resulted in lower dystocia in multiparous cows (incidence rates of 10.8% vs. 5.3% for control as compared to vitamin injected) and reduced body weight loss in adequately managed Quebec dairy herds. Reduced involuntary culling [27] was witnessed in a California dairy when rumen protected B vitamins were included in the diet in early lactation. Additionally, vitamins may be
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Figure 2. Forest plot for fat yield. Trial weighting is determined by the standard error. Plots provide individual trial effect size and confidence interval. The lowermost bar shows the overall effect size, confidence interval (inner bar) and prediction interval (outer bar).
needed to prevent reduce stresses support other biological functions. These results demonstrate that over a wide geographic area, with many types of feed ingredients provided, well maintained dairy cows respond to the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins in their diets with improved milk production.
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Figure 3. Forest Plot for protein yield. Trial weighting is determined by the standard error. Plots provide individual trial effect size and confidence interval. The lowermost bar shows the overall effect size, confidence interval (inner bar) and prediction interval (outer bar).
In addition, the variation in response to the B vitamins witnessed in this analysis might also be related to the age, level of milk production and stage of lactation of the cows, and further analyses are required to address these items.
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Figure 4. Histogram of change in milk yield with the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins (RPBV) in diets for cows in mid-lactation.
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Figure 5. Histogram of change in milk fat yield with the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins (RPBV) in diets for cows in mid-lactation.
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Figure 6. Histogram of change in milk yield with the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins (RPBV) in diets for cows in mid-lactation.
4. Conclusion
This meta-analysis revealed that the inclusion of RPVB in diets for dairy cows maintained in many parts of the world resulted in increased milk yield, fat yield and protein yield, and that the expectation of using RPBV would be positive. Effective rumen protection of these vitamins offers significant advantages relative to intramuscular injections or feeding high doses of unprotected vitamins by being more cost-effective and labor-effective. The results of this meta-analysis do not adequately reveal the causes for the trial-to-trial variation, and further analyses are needed. Such results would permit more judicious use of such products.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the farm owners for allowing these tests to be conducted, and to the nutritionists and veterinarians who carried out the trials.