1. Introduction
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) pandemic is current public health and humanitarian issue because of its global rapid spread, clinical severity, high mortality rate, and capacity to overwhelm healthcare systems [1] [2].
There is a paucity of literature describing extra-pulmonary co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in COVID-19 patients, which is a major cause of ill health. In 2019, about 10 million people developed TB and 1.4 million died [3].
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause disease, or tuberculosis, in almost any organ. However, when it infects the brain and causes tuberculous meningitis (TBM) the consequences are severe, resulting in death or disability in almost half of all sufferers despite anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy [4].
Currently, Morocco is one of the worst affected COVID-19 pandemic countries with almost 480,000 cases [5] and also one the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden countries with an incidence of 87/100,000 population in 2019 [6].
We report a case of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and COVID-19 co-infection in a diabetic patient.
2. Case Report
A 65-year-old man with no significant medical history (non-insulin-dependent diabetes), and especially no history of pulmonary TB, presented to the hospital owing to low consciousness and fever.
There was no history of either known exposures to tuberculosis or COVID-19.
Physical examination showed the signs of dehydration, malnutrition; respiratory frequency was 18 cycles/min, saturation measured 97%.
Neurological examination revealed a depressed level of consciousness, with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 12 (E-4, V-4 and M-4), There was no neck stiffness, no Kernig and Brudzinski’s sign, and no cranial nerve palsy. Examination of the other systems proved unremarkable. CT brain scan was normal (Figure 1).
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies showed clear and colourless fluid with a white blood cell count of 280/mm3 (90% lymphocytes), red blood cell count of 64/mm3, hyperproteinorachia (1.49 g/dL), and hypoglycorrhachia (0.67 g/dL). Empiric antibiotic therapy was started.
Polymerase chain reaction on a nasal swab confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis.
Patient had chest Computerized Tomography (CT) highly suggestive of COVID-19 related pneumonia (bilateral ground glass opacities at 15%) [5], Left basal lung disease, bilateral apical tuberculosis sequelae, right apical excavated nodule, sequelae of right renal and vesical tuberculosis and moderate pyelocaliceal dilation of the left kidney (Figures 2-4).
A second lumbar puncture was performed; CSF was GeneXpert MTB/RIF positive and rifampicin resistance undetected. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in CSF and bacterial culture was sterile.
Laboratory investigations showed a normal white cell count of 6.3 × 109/L (neutrophils 75%, lymphocyte 15.5%), haemoglobin of 13.6 g/dL, platelets of 330 × 109 /L and lymphopenia (0.99 × 109 /L). The C reactive protein was normal (6 mg/L). Coagulation studies revealed elevated D-Dimer (18 mg/L) as well as elevated ferritin (811 µg/L). glycemia was 1.69 g/L. The kidney function, serum electrolytes and liver function test all proved normal.
The patient was commenced on antituberculous treatment: isoniazid 20 mg/kg, rifampicin 20 mg/kg, pyrazinamide 40 mg/kg and ethionamide 20 mg/kg, as well as an anti-HIV protease inhibitor (lopinavir/ritonavir), azithromycin, multivitamins, zinc, intravenous dexamethasone and prophylactic anticoagulation.
The patient required intensive neurorehabilitation for a month due to poor feeding and weakness.
Currently, our patient is recovering well in neurology department.
3. Discussion
In December 2019, Coronavirus 2 (SRAS-CoV-2) pandemic caused severe acute respiratory syndrome. It broke out in Wuhan, China, generating a health crisis without precedent in recent history.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) manifests as a lung infection. However, patients with COVID-19 are also susceptible to suffer from other problems. In this study, our patient had both diseases diagnosed within the same week. The source of her tuberculous infection has not been identified and he had co-morbidities (non-insulin-dependent diabetes).
TBM accounts for 5% to 15% of extrapulmonary localizations and is the most severe infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [7]. Although there are no characteristic neurologic manifestations of TBM, some clinical findings in making the diagnosis include headache, fever, vomiting, altered conscious level and sometimes convulsions [4]. Clinical manifestations of TBM do not seem to be modified by COVID-19 infection.
Diagnosing TBM, even with advanced imaging techniques and anti-tuberculosis drugs is time-consuming and difficult because of its rarity; which is why the morbidity and mortality of TBM are still high [8]. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF) is a commercial, cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test which detects DNA sequences specific for M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in clinical specimens in around 2 h. We used it in our patient to confirm the diagnosis of the disease. However, it lacks the sensitivity and negative predictive value to confidently rule out TBM [9] [10]
The patient had persistent lymphopenia, which is a risk factor for severe tuberculosis [11].
Wenya Lin et al. concluded that patients with TBM, CRP level and CD4+ cell counts and albumin levels were lower than uninfected people [12]. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that TBM might suppress the immune system. In our case, TBM increased the risk of infection due to the weakened immune system. In addition, older age and co-morbidities such as low socioeconomic status and malnutrition increase the risk of weakening the immune system, making our patient more likely to be infected with corona virus.
Multiple studies have shown that viruses such as influenza, HIV, and measles can impair the ability of macrophages to contain mycobacterial growth, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis [13] [14]. We can deduce that infection of COVID-19 promotes the development of the severe form of TB which is TBM and then high mortality and morbidity.
In Morocco, treatment regimens for TBM are standardized and comply with international recommendations, in particular those of the WHO and the international union against tuberculosis and Lung diseases (IUATLD). The patient had received standard anti-tuberculosis treatment combining the four major anti-tuberculosis drugs which are rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for two months then isoniazid and rifampicin are planned for seven months [15]. All the French and American learned societies recommend the use of corticosteroid therapy in addition to anti-tuberculosis treatment [16] [17], even if the results of the literature are not all consistent.
Like the pre-COVID-19 era, the diagnosis of TBM has been considered and specific anti-tuberculous therapy empirically initiated [18] but larger numbers are necessary to further understand the implication of TB and COVID-19 co-infection, given the potential effect of both TB and COVID-19 on quality of life and subsequent need for rehabilitation [19] [20].
4. Conclusions
In this case, we describe the clinical manifestations and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in a patient with COVID-19.
Infection of COVID-19 promotes the development of a severe form of TB. The patient had persistent lymphopenia, which is a risk factor for severe tuberculosis.
TBM is the most severe form of TB and it results in significant loss of autonomy and mortality.
On the other hand, TBM increased the risk of infection with coronavirus due to the weakened immune system in addition to other immunosuppressive factors.
Treatment, both anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory, early started, guaranteed good recovery.