Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Egg Storage for Delayed Fertilization ()
1. Introduction
Eggs removed from female trout and salmon are typically fertilized immediately with milt stripped from males during artificial spawning [1]. However, storing eggs for fertilization at a later time can be a viable option to improve spawning and egg incubation efficiencies [1] [2] [3] [4].
Temperature, duration, and the presence of oxygen have all been shown to affect the success of salmonid egg storage. In addition, the storage parameters may be somewhat species specific. Foerster [5] stored sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) eggs for 25 hours at 5˚C with no loss of fertility. However, storage at higher temperatures of 8˚C or 10˚C was detrimental. Also with sockeye salmon eggs, Withler and Morley [6] reported successful egg storage for 70 hours at 2.9˚C, with decreased fertility after 22 hours at storage temperatures of 9.9˚C. Withler and Morley [6] also observed that pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) egg fertility was maintained for 46 hours at 3.2˚C, but declined after only eight hours of storage at 8.5˚C. Similarly, Poon and Johnson [7] successfully stored pink salmon eggs for six hours at 6˚C. Chum salmon (O. keta) eggs can be stored for 124 hours at 3˚C and maintain fertility, but such fertility exhibits a negative relationship between storage temperature and storage duration [8]. Unfertilized rainbow trout (O. mykiss) eggs stored at 2˚C maintain fertility for 20 hours [9], but substantial declines in Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) egg fertility were reported after 48 hours of storage at 1˚C [10]. Completely freshwater landlocked Chinook eggs stored at 10˚C were only viable at storage durations of only two hours in air [11] [12]. However, the replacement of air with oxygen extended successful landlocked Chinook salmon egg storage times to four hours at 11˚C; fertility was reduced when stored four hours at 1˚C even with the presence of oxygen [13].
Lake Oahe, South Dakota, USA, contains a relatively unique population of landlocked fall Chinook salmon maintained entirely by artificial propagation [14] [15] [16]. With spawning operations occurring as far as 365 km from egg incubation facilities, storage of unfertilized eggs could be advantageous. The longest these landlocked Chinook salmon eggs have been successfully stored has been only four hours [13]. Thus, the objective of this was to potentially increase egg storage times.
2. Methods
Landlocked fall Chinook salmon from Lake Oahe were spawned at Whitlock’s Spawning Station, near Gettysburg, South Dakota, USA on October 21, 2019. Milt was collected from males, pooled in a container, and approximately 50 mL placed into each of six 0.95 L plastic bags. Each bag corresponded to a delayed-fertilization treatment. Oxygen was added to each bag of milt prior to sealing, after which the bag was placed on ice until used for fertilization. Eggs from three female salmon were pneumatically expressed using compressed oxygen and combined into a common pool. Thirty-six aliquots containing 15 eggs each were removed from the pool, with each aliquot placed into a discrete 0.95 L plastic bag. Each of the 36 bags was assigned to one of six treatments (N = 6), with the eggs either being fertilized immediately or with fertilization delayed until four, six, eight, 12, or 20 hours later.
Fertilization occurred by adding one mL of milt from the assigned bag. The sperm were then activated using well water (total hardness as CaCO3, 360 mg/L; alkalinity as CaCO3, 210 mg/L; pH, 7.6; total dissolved solids, 390 mg/L) to the egg/milt mixture. After approximately one minute, the eggs were rinsed with lake water and each bag of eggs was placed into a discrete 9.5-cm plastic Petri dish filled with 30 mL of well water for incubation using the technique described by Neumiller et al. [17]. Water in the Petri dishes was changed every seven days before the eyed egg stage of development and every three days after. Dead eggs were removed and counted when the water was changed. Fry were also removed and counted after hatch. The dishes were incubated in an Insignia model NS-WC16BK6 refrigeration unit (Best Buy, Richfield, Minnesota, USA) at 10˚C through complete hatch.
Data were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS (24.0) statistical analysis program (IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Difference was used as the mean comparison procedure. Significance was pre-determined at P < 0.05.
3. Results
Eggs fertilized immediately or after four, six, or eight hours of storage had significantly greater survival to the eyed stage (F(5,30) = 3.045; P = 0.024) than eggs stored for 12 or 20 hours prior to fertilization (Table 1). Survival to hatch was also significantly different (F(5,30) = 3.0257; P = 0.018) and followed the same pattern. Mean survival to hatch ranged from 46.7% for eggs fertilized immediately to 18.9% for the eggs fertilized after twelve hours of storage.
4. Discussion
The results of this study describe for the first time the storage of landlocked Chinook salmon eggs for up to eight hours without the loss of fertility. This is four hours longer than previously reported by Eide and Barnes [13], who also noted the need for air replacement with compressed oxygen during landlocked Chinook salmon egg storage. Oxygen has also been associated with longer egg storage times in other salmonid species [5] [6] [8] [9]. Compared to other studies examining salmonid egg storage though, eight hours is a relatively short period of time, with 124 hours the longest successful storage time reported for salmonid eggs by Jensen and Alderdice [8].
Although a negative relationship between egg storage temperatures and storage times has been observed for numerous salmonids [6] [8], this appears not to
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Table 1. Mean (SE) survival to the eyed-stage or hatch of landlocked fall Chinook salmon eggs either fertilized immediately or after storage of up to 20 hours.*
*Means in a column followed by different letters are significantly different (N = 6).
be the case with landlocked Chinook salmon. Eide and Barnes [13] reported a significant drop in stored landlocked Chinook salmon egg fertility at temperatures of 1˚C compared to 11˚C with storage times as short as four hours. Thus, it is unlikely that decreasing the temperature used in this present study would have led to increased storage times.
Short-term landlocked Chinook salmon sperm motility after storage on ice was reported by Reese et al. [18]. In addition, Bencic et al. [19] successfully stored Chinook salmon milt for 14 days, and salmonid milt in general has been stored for over 30 days [20]. These studies, in conjunction with using oxygen during milt storage [6] [21] [22] [23] in the present study, make it unlikely that milt storage had any impact on the results.
The egg survival observed in this study is typical for landlocked fall Chinook salmon from Lake Oahe [15] [16]. The reproductive characteristics of this non-native population of freshwater Chinook salmon are completely different than those of Chinook salmon in their native range [15] [16]. These unique features may explain why the successful egg storage times and temperatures observed in this study appear to be markedly different than those observed in other populations [1] [10].
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, this study documents the first successful storage of landlocked Chinook salmon eggs for eight hours. Future experiments should determine the effects of different temperatures during longer storage periods.
Acknowledgements
We thank Shon Eide, Gerri Eide, Jill Voorhees, Robert Hanten, and the staff at Whitlock’s Salmon Spawning Station for their assistance with this study.