Is Not It Time to Stop Using Chlorine for Treating Water? - Open Access Library Journal

OALibJ > Vol.7 No.1, January 2020

Open Access Library Journal

Volume 7, Issue 1 (January 2020)

ISSN Print: 2333-9705 ISSN Online: 2333-9721

Google-based Impact Factor: 0.73 Citations

Is Not It Time to Stop Using Chlorine for Treating Water? ()

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DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106007 1,421 Downloads 3,021 Views Citations

Author(s)

Djamel Ghernaout^1,2, Noureddine Elboughdiri^1,3

Affiliation(s)

¹Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, KSA.
²Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, Blida, Algeria.
³Département de Génie Chimique de Procédés, Laboratoire Modélisation, Analyse, et Commande des systèmes, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Gabès (ENIG), Rue Omar Ibn-Elkhattab, Gabès, Tunisia.

ABSTRACT

Chlorine is largely used as a disinfectant in the water and wastewater treatment industries through the world despite the fact that is greatly poisonous for hu-man beings. Its toxicity is more extended to generating disinfection by-products during its microorganisms’ killing and action on organic matter present in water. More importantly, recent studies proved the potential impacts of disinfection on transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), particularly for free-living ARGs in final disinfected effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants. Indeed, Escherichia coli concentration prior to chlorination depicted a powerful positive correlation with the extracellular ARGs plenty in the final effluents; however, lower temperature and higher ammonium concentration were suggested to relate with intracellular ARGs. Chlorination could elevate the plenty of ARGs, therefore, inducing danger of the diffusion of antibiotic resistance in nature. Consequently, chlorine toxicity is more and more proved, which appeals its urgent stopping from using it in the treatment of both water and wastewater. The same conclusion was also obtained at least for UV and UV/H2O2 disinfection. Chemical disinfection should be urgently avoided or at least deeply revised. For removing pathogens and treating water, safe multi-barrier methods, such as distillation and membrane processes, have to be adopted.

KEYWORDS

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs), Wastewater Treatment, Disinfection, Oxidation, Escherichia coli

Share and Cite:

Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Is Not It Time to Stop Using Chlorine for Treating Water?. Open Access Library Journal, 7, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1106007.

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