Author(s)

Kanako Toyosada^1*, Takayuki Otani^1,2,3, Yasutoshi Shimizu⁴, Hiroshi Takata⁵, Kazuhiko Sakamoto⁶, Saburo Murakawa⁷, Shunsuke Managi³

¹Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka, Japan.
²ESG Promotion Department, TOTO Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan.
³Urban Institute & Departments of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁴Water and Lifestyle Research Laboratory, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁵Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
⁶Department of Architecture, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan.
⁷Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.

The purpose of this study was to explore the water usage profile of future Vietnamese households by carrying out a controlled living experiment with Vietnamese high-income households. By studying showering time, flow rate and toilet-use frequency of these households, the study revealed the water usage believed to be representative of future households in light of continued urbanization. This study also determined that the average time of showering was 9.7 minutes per person per day with an average flow rate of 12 L/minute for the existing shower head and 6.6 L/minute for the water-saving shower head. Toilet usage frequency was 5.25 times per person per day, and there was no difference with the results for an average (middle-income) household.

Water-Saving Equipment, Water Usage, Controlled Living Experiment, Vietnamese Household

Toyosada, K. , Otani, T. , Shimizu, Y. , Takata, H. , Sakamoto, K. , Murakawa, S. and Managi, S. (2018) Vietnam’s Future Water Usage Model: A Controlled Living Experiment. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 10, 204-214. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2018.102012.