Author(s)

L. Drössler^1*, E. Feldmann², J. Glatthorn², P. Annighöfer³, S. Kucbel⁴, V. Tabaku⁵

¹Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
²Institute of Plant ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
³Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴Institute of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University of Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia.
⁵Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.

A novel but simple approach for describing stand structure in natural and managed forests driven by small-scaled disturbances is introduced. A primeval beech forest reserve in Slovakia and two beech stands in Germany with different management histories were studied, and their forest stand texture was analysed in terms of tree coordinates, stem diameter, and crown radius. Neigh-bouring trees of similar size with estimated contact of their crowns were assigned to tree groups. The study goal was to estimate the number and size of such homogeneous patches. In all cases, the number of tree groups in a particular diameter class decreased exponentially as group size increased. Single trees were predominant. Compared to simulated random tree distributions, the natural stand exhibited a more clumped distribution of small trees and more regular distribution of larger ones. The natural forest generally had smaller groups than the managed even aged stand, but the smallest group sizes were found in the uneven-aged selection forest. The simple analytical approach provided new spatial insights into neighbourhood relations of trees. The continuous scale from single trees to larger tree groups is an important achievement compared to other analytical methods applied in this field. The findings may even indicate a certain degree of self-organization in natural forests. Due to the limitations associated with each method or statistical models, a joint consideration of 1) gap dynamics, 2) forest developmental stages, and 3) size classes of homogeneous tree groups is recommended. Relevant to forest practitioners, the size class distributions enhance an understanding of the complex stand structures in natural forests and therewith support an emulation of natural forest dynamics in managed beech forests.

Forest Structure, Natural Forest Dynamics, Tree Neighbourhood Relationships, Close-to-Nature Management, Fagus sylvatica, Central Europe

Drössler, L. , Feldmann, E. , Glatthorn, J. , Annighöfer, P. , Kucbel, S. and Tabaku, V. (2016) What Happens after the Gap?— Size Distributions of Patches with Homogeneously Sized Trees in Natural and Managed Beech Forests in Europe. Open Journal of Forestry, 6, 177-190. doi: 10.4236/ojf.2016.63015.