Purification and characterization of the kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from wheat straw by Trichoderma viride under SSF and its detergent compatibility ()
1. INTRODUCTION
Cellulase is a generic name for the group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose and related cellu-oligosaccharide derivatives. Cellulose consists mainly of long polymers of β 1-4, linked glucose units and forms a crystalline structure [1]. The cellulase complex is comprised of three major components: Carboxymethyl cellualase (CMCases) or Endo-ß-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), Exo-ß-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) [2,3]. Cellulases from various sources have distinctive features as they exhibit specific pH optima, solubility depending on the amino acid composition. Thermal stability and exact substrate specificity may also vary with the origin [4,5].
The major bottle neck against comprehensive application of cellulases in industry is the high cost of the enzyme production. Currently, most commercial cellulases (including β-glucosidase) are produced by Trichoderma species and Aspergillus species [6]. Cellulases are used widely: in the textile industry for cotton softening and denim finishing; in the detergent market for color care, cleaning, and anti-deposition; in the food industry for mashing and in the pulp and paper industries for deinking, drainage improvement, and fiber modification [6, 7].
Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a process that occurs in the absence of free flowing water and an attractive method to produce cellulase from micro-organisms [8- 10], which is economical due to its lower capital investment, lower operating expenses, simpler equipment and higher productivity per reactor volume [11-13]. Cellulose and hemicellulose represent the largest fraction of the plant cell wall and of agricultural residues such as straw from wheat, corn, rice, soy and cotton, sugarcane bagasse, bonds with the lignin in the cell wall matrix need to be broken. For this reason, the direct feeding fiber has not yielded the expected favorable results considering the nutritional and energetic potential of these fibers [14].
Many filamentous fungi produce cellulases to perform cellulolysis necessary for growth and product formation under appropriate conditions. Commercial cellulase preparations from most often used species Trichoderma ressei and Trichoderma viride are popular as it contains high activities of both exo-glucanase and endo-glucanase but low levels of β-glucosidase [13]. In this present study, the properties of purified cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride using wheat straw as growth supported substrate; which is cheaper and easily available energy source were investigated. Our data suggest that the organism produce cellulase which differed in its molecular weight significantly from other Trichoderma sp and compatible with locally available detergent brands having optimum shelf life of up to 20 days at room temperature, suggesting its potential for biotechnological applications.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Chemicals and Substrate
All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and purchased from Fluka (France), Merk (Germany) and Sigma Chemical Co., USA. An agricultural waste wheat straw was used as solid substrate and obtained from Student research Farms, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. The substrate was oven dried (60˚C), ground to fine particle size and stored in air tight plastic jars to keep it moisture free.
2.2. Micro-Organism, Maintenance and Inoculum Development
The pure culture of Trichoderma viride available in the Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, was used as cellulase enzyme producer. Spores of Trichoderma viride were grown and maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) slants. Spores of Trichoderma viride from PDA slant were cultivated in an Erlenmeyer flask (250 mL) containing 30 mL of Potato Dextrose broth at 30 ± 1˚C for 7 days after sterilizing the broth at 15 lbs/inch2 pressure and 121˚C in laboratory scale autoclave (Sanyo, Japan) for 15 minutes, pH was adjusted before sterilization, and incubated under stationary conditions for the development of fungal spore suspension [15].
2.3. Production and Extraction of Cellulase
Cellulase from Trichoderma viride was produced under pre-optimized growth conditions [16]. To achieve maximum cellulase activity proximally analyzed agricultural waste material, wheat straw was inoculated at 45˚C after pretreatment with 2% HCl, 3% substrate concentration 40% moisture content with optimum pH 5.5 and 10% inoculum’s size. After stipulated fermentation time period, cellulase was extracted from the fermented biomass by adding distilled water as extraction solvent in 1:10 (w/v) ratio and the flasks were shaken at 120 rpm for 30 minutes [16]. The contents were filtered through muslin cloth and washed thrice with distilled water. The filtrates were centrifuged at 10,000 × g (4˚C) for 10 minutes and carefully collected supernatants were used for enzyme activity determinations and also used for purification purposes.
2.4. Determination of Enzyme Activity and Protein Concentration
Enzyme activity of supernatants was determined using spectrophotometry (T60, PG Instruments, UK) by the method of Ghose, [17]. The reaction mixture contained 0.5mL of carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate in 0.05 M Na–citrate buffer of pH 4.8 and finally 0.5 mL of diluted crude enzyme and incubated at 50˚C for 30 min. An appropriate control which contained 0.5 mL of distal water instead of crude enzyme extract was also run along with the test. At the end of the incubation period, tubes were removed from the water bath, and the reaction was stopped by addition of 3 mL of 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent per tube. The tubes were incubated for 5 min in a boiling water bath for color development and were cooled rapidly. The activity of reaction mixture was measured against a reagent blank at 540 nm. The concentration of glucose released by enzyme was determined by comparing against a standard curve constructed similarly with known concentrations of glucose. The recorded activities were expressed as U/mL while, unit activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to produce a unit increase in absorbance at specific wavelength (nm) per mL of reaction mixture. The protein concentrations in crude and purified enzyme extracts were determined by the method of Lowry et al. [18], using bovine serum albumin as standard.
2.5. Partial Purification Procedure
The method of De-Moraes et al. [19] with minor modifications was followed for purification of cellulase (CMCase). Crude extract obtained from Trichoderma viride was centrifuged 10,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4˚C to increase clarity. After obtaining clarity to maximum level, solid crystals of ammonium sulfate were added to the crude enzyme extract until it was 50% saturated and kept for 4 - 6 hours at 4˚C. The resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 15 min at 4˚C. The pellets of precipitated proteins were discarded and in the supernatant, more crystals of ammonium sulfate were added to attain 85% saturation at 0˚C. It was again kept for 4 - 6 h at 4˚C and centrifuged as described previously. After centrifugation the supernatant was kept separate and sediments were dissolved in small amount of 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8). The solution was kept in a dialysis bag and after sealing securely, dialyzed against distilled water with 4 regular changes of the water after every 6 h. Total proteins and activity of partially purified cellulase were determined before and after dialysis of ammonium sulfate precipitation as mentioned before. The partially purified cellulase was lyophilized and used for further studies related to gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE for further purification and molecular weight determination respectively.
2.6. Gel Filtration Chromatography
Partially purified cellulase was subjected to gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex-G-100 (Sigma, USA) column for further purification. The column was packed to the height of 120 cm in a glass column with an internal diameter of 2.0 cm [20]. The sample was poured on top of the column and eluted with phosphate buffer of pH 6.5. The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL·min–1. Up to 20 fractions were collected each of 1 mL and both the enzyme activity and protein content were determined for each separate fraction, as mentioned in the previous section.
2.7. SDS-PAGE for Molecular Weight Determination
Sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed on a 5% stacking and a 12% separating gel according to the method of Laemmli [21] to determine the molecular weight of purified cellulase. To 100 µL of protein sample, 50 µL of sample buffer (0.05% bromophenol blue, 5% β-mercaptoethanol, 10% glycerol, and 1% SDS in 0.25 M Tris– HCl buffer; pH 6.8) was added and boiled in boiling water bath for 5 min, cooled at room temperature and loaded onto the gel. Electrophoresis was performed at room temperature for 2.5 h with a 120 Volt and then gel was placed in fixing solution for 20 minutes followed by washing with three changes of distal water over 30 minutes time period. The protein bands were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G (Sigma) and destaining was done again with distal water and kept for overnight in water at room temperature. The molecular weight of the purified cellulase was determined in comparison to marker protein (standard protein marker, 21- 116 kDa; Sigma, USA) after documentation.
2.8. Characterization of Purified Cellulase
The purified cellulase was subjected to characterization through kinetic studies by studying the effect of different pH values (4 - 10), different incubation temperatures (30 - 60˚C), varying concentrations (100 – 1000 µM) of carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate and various compounds and metal ions (SDS, EDTA, Hg2+, Co2+ and Mn2+) as activators and inhibitors on purified cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride was studied with 1 mM of concentration.
2.9. Industrial Application
2.9.1. Detergent Compatibility of Cellulase
Four locally available detergent brands (Surf excel, Ariel Wheel and Bright Total) were used for studying compatibility of purified carboxymethyl cellulase under normal conditions. Detergent solutions were prepared as per directions given on their respective sache. Carboxymethyl cellulose solution (1%) was used as substrate and prepared in phosphate buffer of pH 6. A reaction mixture comprising 3 mL of substrate solution, 1.1 mL, detergent solution and 0.9 mL, purified cellulase was incubated at 55˚C for 10 - 15 minutes followed by normal enzyme assay as described earlier. A control sample was also incubated in parallel to reaction mixture solution.
2.9.2. Shelf Life of Purified Cellulase
Shelf life or storage is an important parameter for commercial utilization of industrial products. The purified cellulase stored at room temperature (30˚C) for 20 - 30 days to check the effect of storage of purified cellulose on its activity.
2.10. Statistical Analysis
All experiments and enzyme assays were performed in triplicates; data was statistically evaluated according to Steel et al. [22]. The means and standard errors of means (Mean ± S.E) were calculated for each treatment and S.E values have been displayed as Y-error bars in figures.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Production of Cellulase
Trichoderma viride was cultured in fermentation medium containing 2% HCl pretreated wheat straw as growth supported substrate and maximum cellulase activity of 398 ± 2.43 U/mL obtained after stipulated fermentation time period [16]. Our results are comparable to Ojumu et al. [23] who reported high cellulase activity from 3% pretreated saw dust, bagasse and corn cob as substrate respectively. Substrate concentration is a dynamic influencing feature that affects the yield and initial hydrolysis rate of cellulose [24]. Several growth factors affect the productivity and growth of micro-organisms particularly substrate particle size is one of the most critical parameter [25]. It has been reported in literature that low cost substrates like wheat flour, wheat bran, rice straws and molasses are suitably effective for growth and enzyme production [26,27]. Optimization of various environmental factors causes an increase of enzymatic activities [28].
3.2. Purification and Dialysis of Cellulase
The supernatant with cellulase activity of 79600 U/200 mL and specific activity of 45 U/mg was used as crude enzyme solution and subjected to partial purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation in two fractions of 0% - 50% and 50% - 80%. The crude enzyme was precipitated at 80% saturation with specific activity of 48 U/mg and 1.07 fold purification. The pellets (precipitate) were dissolved in minimal volume of 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8) and dialyzed against distal water with 4 equal changes of water after every 6 h to remove the extra salt. This dialyzed fraction referred to as partially purified cellulase and loaded on to Sephadex-G-100 gel filtration column. By gel filtration the enzyme was purified to 2.33 fold with a yield and specific activity of 2.11% and 105 U/mg respectively (Table 1).
3.3. SDS-PAGE
The purified carboxymethyl cellulase was resolved on a SDS-PAGE (5% stacking and 12% separating gel) found to be a homogenous monomeric protein as evident by a single band corresponding to 58 kDa on SDS-PAGE relative to the standard molecular weight markers (Figure 1). The cellulase activity bands identified in this strain showed molecular weight 58 kDa, further, the purified cellulase contained only one subunit on SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which is comparable to those purified from other fungal species Trichoderma viride, M.W. 38 - 58 kDa [29] and Aspergillus sp., M.W. - 31.2 KDa [30]. The results regarding the molecular
Table 1. Purification summary of cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride under optimum fermentation conditions.
Figure 1. Molecular mass determination of purified cellulase by SDS-PAGE (lane MW, molecular weights in kDa of standard marker; lane 1, standard protein markers (β-Galactosidase, 116 kDa; Phosphorylase B, 97 kDa; albumin, 66 kDa; ovalbumin, 45 kDa; carbonic anhydrase, 30 kDa and trypsin inhibitor, 21 kDa); lane 2, crude cellulase; lane 3, purified cellulase (58 kDa).
weight of the enzyme are close to the findings of Qin et al. [31] who isolated a CMCase with 54 kDa and our findings show a much intimacy with described figure.
3.4. Characterization of Purified Cellulase
3.4.1. Effect of pH on Cellulase Activity
To investigate the effect of different pH values ranging from 4 - 10 on the purified enzyme, an experiment was conducted with following buffers (0.2 M): citrate phosphate, pH 4.0, 5.0 and pH 6.0; sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0; and carbonate buffer, pH 9.0 and pH 10.0. Normal enzyme assay as described earlier was performed after 15 minutes of incubation using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate on spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 540 nm. Results of enzyme assay showed that the cellulase enzymes was completely active in a large pH range (5 - 8) and presented an optimum activity of 155 U/mL at a pH value of 8 (Figure 2) which was little higher than those from Mucor circinelloides, 4.0 - 7.0 [32] and Bacillus circulans, 4.5 - 7.0 [33]. Where as any further increase in pH from optimum value (pH, 8) cellulase showed decreasing trends in its activity. This little variation in pH optima may be due to the genetic variability among different species.
3.4.2. Effect of Temperature on Cellulase Activity
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different incubation temperatures (30 - 60˚C) on the purified enzyme. The purified cellulase was incubated under different temperature controlled conditions. After 15 minutes of incubation cellulase was assayed to determine the effect of temperature on enzyme activity with the same procedure as mentioned previously. Temperature optimum for purified cellulase was observed at 55˚C. Results of Figure 3 showed that at temperatures higher than 55˚C enzyme starts to losses its activity rapidly as the denaturation of the enzymic protein occurs at elevated temperatures. For a variety of industrial applications relatively high thermostability is an attractive and desirable characteristic of an enzyme [34,35]. Our results are in close agreement with the findings of Thongekkaew et al. [3] who reported 40 - 50˚C as an optimum temperate during the characterization of CMCase produced from Cryptococcus sp. S-2 where as, Fadel [34] found 55˚C as a best temperature at which the enzyme was most active and stable. Saha [36] also reported the same temperature i.e. 55˚C as optimum for CMCase activity.
3.4.3. Effect of Substrate Concentration: Determination of KM and Vmax
The Michalis-Menten kinetic constants KM and Vmax for purified cellulase were determined by using varying concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose ranging from 100 – 1000 µM. Enzyme activities were measured under standard assay conditions as described earlier and Enzyme activity (U/mL) against concentration of substrate (µM) was plotted, which yielded a hyperbolic curve, as shown in Figure 4. From the catalytic properties, KM and Vmax values of purified cellulase from Trichoderma viride were 68 µM and 148 U/mL respectively. In literature, different ranges of KM and Vmax for different
Figure 2. Effect of varying pH values on purified cellulase activity.
Figure 3. Effect of different temperatures on purified cellulase activity.
Figure 4. Determination of KM and Vmax for purified cellulase through Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
fungal species have been reported. According to Ekperigin [37] KM values for A. anitratus and Branhamella sp. are 0.32 and 2.54 mM for the cellobiose as substrate while for CMC substrate were to be 4.97 and 7.90 mg/mL for the same species respectively. Similarly, KM value of 3.6 mg/mL for Pseudomonas fluorescens and 1.1 mM for Trichoderma reesei reported by Bakare et al. [38] and Cascalheira and Queiroz, [39] respectively. The difference in KM value of the presently purified cellulase from Trichoderma viride and other reported fungal species may be due to the genetic variability among different species.
3.4.4. Effect of Activators and Inhibitors
The purified cellulase extract was incubated along with different activators and inhibitors (100 µL) for 15 minutes at 55˚C followed by the normal assay protocol. As shown in Figure 5 that among various compounds and metal ions; SDS, EDTA, and Hg2+ showed inhibitory effect on purified cellulase whereas, the enzyme activated by Co2+ and Mn2+ at a concentration of 1mM as compare to control. Bakare et al. [38] reported an inhibitory effect of EDTA to the activities of cellulase from wild type of Pseudomonas fluorescens. According to Saha, [36] and Lucas et al. [40] Co2+ and Mn2+ activate the enzyme that from Mucor circinelloides and Chalara paradoxa respectively.
3.5. Industrial Application
3.5.1. Detergent Compatibility of Purified Cellulase
For the possible commercial exploitation of cellulase in detergent industry, the purified cellulase was tested for its compatibility with four different detergents of expected use. The enzyme incubated at 55˚C with detergent solution revealed maximum compatibility with Surf Excel and followed by Ariel (Figure 6). Therefore, their suitable controls were also run and their activities were found very low as compared to those supplemented with cellulase. This revealed that the cellulase is compatible with local detergents and suggesting its potential as suitable additive to detergents.
3.5.2. Shelf Life of Purified Cellulase
The effect of storage of purified cellulase on its activity was determined as it is an important parameter for commercial utilization of enzyme. The enzyme stored at room temperature (30˚C) for up to 30 days (Table 2) revealed that the enzyme was 88% active for 20 days and the activity is reduced to 75 and 58% after 25th and 30th day respectively. Storage suggesting that enzyme may be stored for up to 20 days at room temperature without much loss in its activity.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The purified cellulase has molecular weight of 58 kDa
Figure 5. Effect of various activators and inhibitors on purified cellulase activity.
Figure 6. Detergent compatibility of purified cellulase with four local detergent brands.
Table 2. Effect of storage (shelf life) on purified cellulase activity at room temperature*.
with an optimum activity at pH 8 and 55˚C. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity (Vmax) of 148 U/mL with its corresponding KM value of 68 µM. The specific activity and substrate affinity of this cellulase from Trichoderma viride is greater than those of other reported Trichoderma sp; and also compatible with four local detergent brands with up to 20 days of shelf life at room temperature suggesting its potential as a detergent additive for improved washing therefore, it is concluded that it may be potentially useful for industrial purposes especially for detergent and laundry industry.