Evaluation of Bilateral Mental Nerve Block as an Alternative to General Anesthesia for Resection of Lower Lip Tumors ()
1. Introduction
Nerve blockade is not only an anesthetic tool, but it is widely used for treatment of various types of neuralgic and cancer pains [1] [2] . It was introduced as an anesthetic method for a variety of surgical procedures a long time ago [3] . In the field of onco-surgery, various types of resection procedures were done with nerve block techniques; namely the thoracic paravertebral blockade for breast cancer surgeries [4] [5] and the epidural anesthesia that is used widely in many colorectal and genitourinary surgeries with proven opioid sparing effect and better immune functions that may positively improve the cancer survival [6] . Nerve blockade is usually an alternative for general anesthesia, especially for older, morbid patients and those with poor cardiac risk “American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)” score [7] . The mental nerve block is one of the nerve blockades that is used to perform a safe lip surgery in case of poor anesthetic tolerance [8] . The mental nerve is a terminal branch of the mandibular nerve of trigeminal. When it leaves the mental foramen which is located midway between the first and second premolars and the inferior alveolar margin, it supplies the lower lip, chin and the related inner gum [8] . This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of bilateral mental nerve block as an adequate sole anesthesia to perform various lip resections and reconstruction among cases admitted to a tertiary oncology center.
2. Methods
Sixty patients with lower lip tumors who were admitted for complete resection in a tertiary oncology center were enrolled into this study in the period from February 2016 to June 2017. Table 1 shows their demographic and clinical data. After approval of the local ethical committee and an explanation of the technique and all its sequels to the patients, all preoperative assessments were made, including detailed patients’ history with a special focus on the medical history and associated comorbidities, full laboratory assessment and full radiologic evaluation for the tumor and its possible spread. Patients with severe cardiopulmonary disorder, severe organ failure, uncontrolled hypertension, recent stoke or infarction, those who refused or were not compliant with local anesthesia, those with advanced local disease and those with nodal metastases that mandates nodal dissection were excluded from this study. All patients were fasting at least six hours before the procedure with prompt control of blood pressure and blood sugar. The block was carried out under conscious sedation using intravenous midazolam in a dose of 0.03 mg/kg. For the mental nerve block we used the intraoral direct injection after digital palpation of the mental foramen just below the lower first and second premolar teeth midway between the teeth and the alveolar margin (Figure 1). In older patients we intentionally made the injection nearer to the alveolar margin as the foramen gets lower down with the aging process. We used a needle of 23 gauge with a 5 ml syringe. A solution of 4 ml 2% Lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100.000 was prepared. After eversion of the lower lip, half the amount (2 ml) was injected into each side within 25 seconds with care not to enter the foramina to avoid direct nerve injury together with aspiration before injection to be sure that there is no intravascular injection (Figure 1). After waiting for 5 minutes, a test for sensory block was done using cold perception followed by toothed forceps grasping. Then, tumor resection and lip reconstruction was carried out in the usual fashion with care to avoid blood aspiration (Figure 2, Figure 3). A successful anesthesia was considered
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Table 1. Demographic and clinical data of the studied cases (n = 60).
BMI: Body mass index. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists. DM: Diabetes Mellitus. IHD: Ischemic heart disease. AF: atrial fibrillation. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Figure 1. Injection into the nerve exit from the mental foramen.
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Figure 2. Resected part of the lower lip.
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Figure 3. Closure of the defect with lip mucosal advancement technique.
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Table 2. Operative and postoperative outcome (n = 60).
*assessed by subjective and objective method; **one case of acute ischemic chest pain.
when surgery was completed without further need for any anesthetic, analgesic or sedative. When any patient complained of pain related to the surgical procedure, it was considered as an anesthetic failure and intravenous fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg increment was given. The post-operative consequences were recorded as regard complications and the aesthetic outcome (by both subjective and objective methods through assessment of the lip alignment and sphincteric function).
3. Results
Demographic and clinical data are shown in Table 1. Mean age was 68 ± 6.2 years. 42 patients were males (70%) and 12 were females (30%). There was no difference as regard the technical aspects among males and females. The associated comorbidities were shown reflecting that a considerable number are poor risk patients for general anesthesia. Table 2 shows the operative and postoperative outcome; there was a 6.7% failure incidence, as four patients complained of intraoperative pain that was managed with IV fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg increment. Two cases showed a postoperative reactionary hemorrhage that was managed conservatively with medications and packing. Three cases showed a postoperative wound gaping that was managed with secondary suturing in an outpatient basis with local anesthesia. One patient expressed postoperative acute ischemic heart pain that was managed with anti-ischemic measures. Mean hospital stay was 1 ± 0.75 days. The pathologic varieties of lip tumors are shown in Table 3.
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Table 3. Pathological varieties (n = 60).
4. Discussion
The use of nerve block technique is not new. It is the oldest and simplest way in anaesthetizing patients while keeping them completely conscious and aware. However, many patients are not so compliant with this method and occasionally there is some sort of “escape” that makes the procedure not completely pain free. Moreover, sometimes the extent and magnitude of the operation exceeds the limits of local nerve block and hence the general anesthesia will be a must. Conversely, there are some situations in which, local anesthesia is mandatory especially in older patients and those with poor anesthetic tolerance. This current study shows sixty cases of different lip tumors. All were completely and solely anesthetized with bilateral mental nerve block. The results show nearly 93.3% success of the technique without any need for general anesthesia. The intraoral rout was preferred over the percutaneous one since it allows palpation of the foramen as a depression with more efficient inner lip anesthesia; this was supported by other studies although results were not statistically significant [9] . In most of our elder patients, we followed the anatomical rules of shifting the mental foramen to a caudal position with the aging process, and this was aided by palpation [10] . The injection was done within a 25 seconds; however, it was shown that the speed of injection does not directly influence the anesthetic outcome [11] . We used epinephrine 1/100,000 among the anesthetic solution to prolong the duration of anesthesia through its vasoconstrictive effect which decreases the lidocaine absorption. Some researchers investigated the effect of massage after injection and found it of no value [12] . The potential hazards of the technique may be listed as; failure which is rare, local postoperative pain that is related to the injection site which was not encountered in any case, postoperative lip sensory defects that are avoided by careful injection without entering the foramen. As regards the oncologic and the aesthetic outcomes, this study showed that this technique was not interfering with the sound surgical procedure and is not responsible for the oncologic failure (infiltrated margins) or the cosmetic dissatisfaction.
5. Conclusion
Bilateral mental nerve block with lidocaine is a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia in lower lip tumors’ resection and reconstruction, especially in older and morbid patients provided that there is no need for cervical nodal dissection.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.