An Application of Sinc Sum Function in Hilbert Transformer

Abstract

An application of the sinc sum function in Hilbert transformer (HT) is studied. The expression of the frequency re- sponse of HT is expressed with sinc sum functions. Some properties of sub-amplitude response of HT are proved by using the properties of the sinc sum function. A general HT formula is obtained theoretically and it contains a general window function. As an example three new window functions are obtained. Different from the existing window func- tions obtained from lowpass filters, these window functions are obtained directly from HT. Comparisons show that new windows are better than the Hanning, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser windows in terms of HT performances.

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Wang, Y. (2013) An Application of Sinc Sum Function in Hilbert Transformer. Engineering, 5, 1-8. doi: 10.4236/eng.2013.55A001.

1. Introduction

Hilbert transformer (HT) is widely used in engineering, such as damage diagnosis of rotors [1], electroencephalography analysis [2], detection in speech [3], extraction of modal characteristics [4], upmixing stereo signals [5], and vibration analysis [6]. Hilbert-Huang transform is a technique developed in recent years. One of its main parts is HT [4,7]. Reference [8] gives more application examples of HT. About the design method of HT, we can find some methods [9-13], but window method is one of the most frequently used methods [2-4]. The reason is that window method is the simplest one of them and several windows have good performances. The well-known fixed windows are the Hanning, Hamming, Blackman windows and the most frequently used adjustable window is the Kaiser window. These windows are obtained according to the performances of lowpass filters. Consequently, windows with good performances can not easily be obtained because for finding satisfied windows three performances of passband, stopband and transition width of lowpass filters must be given attention to simultaneously. In the study of FIR filter design, a new function is defined as sinc sum function [14] by the author. The function has been used in the design of FIR filters, such as lowpass filters [14] and differentiators [15,16]. Further study shows that it can be used in the design of FIR HT. The definition of the sinc sum function is as follows [14].

For the positive finite integer and the real independent variable, the expression

(1)

is called sinc sum function.

Some properties of the sinc sum function are proved as follows:

(i) Global symmetry: and;

(ii) Stair shape:;

(iii) Local symmetry: and;

(iv) Local extrema certainty: Let

. Then (a) has a local maximum value if is an odd number; (b) has a local minimum value if k is an even number;

(v) Oscillation regularity: If increases from 0 to, then oscillates with decaying magnitude above or below alternatively along with the increase of;

(vi) Extreme value stability: Let be large enough. Then the extreme value and some sub-extreme values of are almost unchangeable along with the change of L.

2. New HT Expression

2.1. Truncated Ideal HT

HT formula in frequency domain is

(2)

Corresponding HT formula in time domain is

(3)

We truncate it as follows:

(4)

where and

(5)

The frequency response of is

(6)

In the third step Euler formula is used.

Let. Then it becomes

(7)

This is a new form of frequency response of the truncated HT. Let

(8)

Theorem 1 of (8) has following properties:

(i) and;

(ii);

(iii);

(iv);

(v) has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval;

(vi) oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval.

Proof. According to (1), (8) becomes

(9)

where and are two sinc sum functions.

Substituting for in (9) we get

(10)

By property (ii) of the sinc sum function we get

(11)

By property (i) of the sinc sum function we get

(12)

From (2.8) and (2.11) we get

(13)

Substituting in both sides yields.

Part (i) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (9) we get

(14)

By property (ii) of the sinc sum function and (2.8),

(15)

Part (ii) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (9) we get

(16)

By property (ii) of the sinc sum function we get

(17)

By property (i) of the sinc sum function and (2.8),

(18)

Part (iii) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (9) we immediately get

(19)

Part (iv) of the proof is complete.

By the property (iv) of the sinc sum function, has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number. The local extreme points of relates to the parity of L. For L even, and have extrema of the same kind. In this case, , and have extrema of the same kind at any extreme point of. For odd, and have extrema of different kinds at each extreme point. But by property (v) of the sinc sum function we always have on the interval. Then we know that and

have extrema of the same kind at any extreme point of on the interval. According to (iv) of this theorem the conclusion is still true on the interval

. Therefore, has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval, no matter how is odd or even.

Part (v) of the proof is complete.

By property (v) of the sinc sum function, and are both oscillates in the vicinity of on the interval. Then from (9) we easily know that oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval.

The proof is complete.

From Theorem 2.1 we can see that is symmetrical about, odd symmetrical about both and, and periodic with period.

In addition, oscillates with decaying amplitude in the vicinity of 1 both from to and from to. Because the proof is too complexity, we do not prove it in the paper.

2.2. New HT Formula

For we construct an expression as follows:

(20)

where are undetermined weights and

(21)

Theorem 2 of (21) has following properties:

(i) and;

(ii);

(iii);

(iv);

(v) has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval;

(vi) oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval and in the vicinity of 0 on both the interval and the interval

Proof. According to (1), (21) becomes

(22)

where

and are four sinc sum functions.

For convenience, let

(23)

and

(24)

Then (22) becomes

(25)

Comparing (23) and (24) with (9), respectively, we get

(26)

and

(27)

Then (25) becomes

(28)

Substituting for in (28) we get

By Theorem 2.1 (i) we get

Comparing it with (2.27), we get

(29)

Substituting in both sides yields.

Part (i) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (28) we get

By Theorem 2.1 (ii) we get

Comparing it with (2.27), we get

(30)

Part (ii) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (28) we get

By Theorem 2.1 (iii) we get

Comparing it with (2.27), we get

(31)

Part (iii) of the proof is complete.

Substituting for in (28) we get

By Theorem 2.1 (iv) we get

Comparing it with (2.27), we get

(32)

Part (iv) of the proof is complete.

By Theorem 2.1 we know from (26) that has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval, and we know from (27) that has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval. Therefore, and have local extrema of the same kind at each extreme point on the interval. Then from (25) we know that any common extreme point of and is the extreme point of on the interval. Thus has a local maximum value if is an odd number and has a local minimum value if is an even number on the interval.

Part (v) of the proof is complete.

By Theorem 2.1 (i) and (v), we know from (26) that oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval and in the vicinity of −1 on the interval and that; we know from (27) that oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval and in the vicinity of −1 on the interval and that.

Then from (2.24) we know that oscillates in the vicinity of 1 on the interval and in the vicinity of 0 on the interval. By Theorem 2 (iv) we know that oscillates in the vicinity of 0 on the interval.

The proof is complete.

From Theorem 2.2 we can see that is symmetrical about, odd symmetrical both about and about, and periodic with period.

Comparing (2.7) with (2.20), we know that is a special case of with. We call each sub-amplitude response of HT.

Replacing by in (2.21), we get

(33)

By property (iv) of the sinc sum function, we easily know that and always have extrema of different kinds at each integer point except and on the interval.

A plot of and for are illustrated in Figure 1. We can see that the above analysis is identical with the figure.

By, (21) becomes

(34)

Using triangular identity, we have

Figure 1. and for L = 16 on [−16 16].

Using Euler formula, we get

(35)

By, (2.19) becomes

(36)

Substituting (2.34) in (2.35), we get

(37)

Corresponding impulse response is

(38)

or

(39)

From the above discussions about we can see that if the value of each is proper the superposition of all can make the maximum deviation of decreased because their changes in opposite directions can counteract mostly. Then we can obtain HT formulas with good performances. According to the property (vi) of the sinc sum function, is almost unchangeable along with the change of if it is large enough. Thus can be arbitrary under this condition. In general, can be considered large enough.

Equation (38) contains a window function as follows:

(40)

Now the weight is the widow constant.

For convenience, let

(41)

It is the amplitude of (2.19).

3. Examples of Obtaining HT Formulas

We choose (correspondingly, through 4). Then (41) becomes

(42)

We can select 5 points of. In general, it is better to select the local extreme points of denote the 5 points, respectively. Then from (42) we get 5 equations as follows:

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

Solving the simultaneous equations, we can obtain through.

Now we choose, and as above five points and let. Substituting them in (8) and (21), respectively, we get

, , ,

, and, in turn. We do not list theses values here.

, and are selected with 3 cases listed in Table 1. They are selected based on the consideration that the resulting windows can easily be compared with the Hanning, Hamming and Blackman windows in terms of HT performances, respectively.

Solving (3.2) we get through listed in table 3.1, too. Then from (39) we obtain HT formula as follows:

(48)

Corresponding window is

(49)

For, we get corresponding maximum passband ripple of each HT. In Table 1, Ap is the maximum passband ripple and is from the following relationship:

(50)

where is the lower cutoff frequency of magnitude responses.

It is obvious that for finding good window constants we only need to take into account two performances of maximum passband ripple and transition width in the magnitude response of HT.

If maximum passband ripple and lower cutoff frequency as two specifications are known, we can easily design HTs. The first step is to select a window from table 3.1. Then the corresponding is obtained from the table. The next step is to compute according to (50) and further. The last step is to compute HT coefficients according to (48).

4. Compared with Other Windows

Now we compare passband ripples of frequency responses of HTs obtained by using three new windows with those obtained by using the Hanning, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser windows [17] for, respectively. About the Kaiser window, we select its parameter in this way that the maximum passband ripple obtained by using each new window is the same as that obtained by using the Kaiser window. For seeing clearly and reducing paper length we only plot part of each curve in Figure 2. It is necessary to say that for each curve passband ripples oscillate with decaying magnitude

Table 1. Three cases of through, through and HT performances.

(a)(b)(c)

Figure 2. Comparison between new windows with other windows in terms of HT performances for L = 63, respectively. (a) Magnitude response obtained by using new window (No. 1), Kaiser window (β = 3:83) and Hanning window; (b) Magnitude response obtained by using new window (No. 2), Kaiser window (β = 4:98) and Hamming window; (c) Magnitude response obtained by using new window (No. 3), Kaiser window (β = 7:5) and Blackman window.

in the vicinity of 0 dB from some local extrema to the point with the normalized frequency being 0.5 in Figure 2 and the whole curve is symmetrical about the frequency. From the figure we can see that these new windows are better than the Hanning, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser windows in terms of HT performances, respectively.

5. Conclusion

A general HT formula is deduced by using the sinc sum function and it contains a general window function. Three new windows are obtained directly from the magnitude responses of HT. These new windows belong to fixed window. They are two or three cosine terms more than the Hanning, Hamming and Blackman windows but much simpler than the Kaiser window. Comparisons show that these new windows are better than the Hanning, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser windows in terms of HT performances.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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