Composition of the Volatile Components Extracted from the Roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa (Guiss) Maire: From Algeria ()
1. Introduction
The Scorsonera is a genus belonging to the Asteraceae sunflower family which it grows mainly in dry areas of Europe and Asia. It consists of about 90 species distributed over Europe, Asia and Africa. In Algeria, it is represented by 8 species: S. caespitosa Pomel, S. coronopifolia Desf., S. fasciata Pomel, S. laciniata L., S. pygmaeae S., S. undulata Vahl, ssp. Alexandrina (Boiss.) M. and ssp. deliciosa (Guss.) Maire [1]. Some species of Scorsonera were used as cooking vegetables and in traditional medicine both in Europe and Asia. In Algeria, is Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa used in traditional medicine mainly against snake bites [2].
Previous phytochemical investigation on Scorsonera species showed that the main constituents of the aerial parts of S. undulata oil from Tunisia were the aliphatic esters and aliphatic hydrocarbons [3]. The main components of S. hispanica from Netherlands were aliphatics acid and aliphatic hydrocarbons [4], while aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols were the main constituents of S. mongolica oil from China [5].
The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the volatile components of the dried roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa (Guiss) growing in Algeria.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
The roots of S. undulata were collected in El-aouinet, (Eastern Algeria), during April 2004 and identified by Dr. H. Laouer (Department of Biology, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria). The material was air-dried indoors prior to extraction.
2.2. Essential Oil Extraction
Extraction of the volatile compounds of the dried roots (80 g) of S. undulata was achieved by hydrodistillation during 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus, according of the European Pharmacopoeia.
2.3. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
The obtained extract was subjected to GS-MS analysis on an Agilent system consisting of a 6890A gas chromatograph, a 5973 mass selective detector, and an Agilent Technologies data system. The CG column was an HP- 5ms fused silica capillary with a (5% phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane stationary phase, (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm). Helium was used as carrier gas with a column head pressure of 9.95 psi and rate of 1.0 ml/min. The GC oven temperature was programmed linearly from 90˚C initial temperatures, held for 5 min increased at 5˚C/min to 300˚C. The mass spectrometric operating
Table 1. Chemical composition of the volatile components extracted from the roots of Scorsonera undulata.
conditions were as follows: MS source temperature 230˚C; MS quadrupole, 150˚C; electron impact (EI) ionization mode (70 eV); scan mass range, 40 - 600 units.
2.4. Identification of the Components
The identification of the components was based on the comparison of their mass spectra with those of WILEY275.L, NIST98.L [6], CNRS Libraries and those described by Adams [7] or with authentic compounds and confirmed by comparison of their retention indices either with those of authentic compounds or with data published in the literature. The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of n-alkanes.
3. Results and Discussion
The volatile fraction obtained by hydrodistillation of roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa (Guiss) Marie was colorless and possessed a distinct sharp odour.
The results of the chemical analysis of the volatile compounds of S. undulata are presented in Table 1 where 43 compounds were identified (94.2% of total oil). The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (42.2%) which is mainly used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and release agents. n-tetradecanoic acid (16.1%), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.7%) which is the major fatty acid of olive oil and 9- hexadecenoic acid (4.5%). The essential oil from the aerial parts of S. undulata collected in western Tunisia [3], yielded an essential oil rich of methyl hexadecanoate (30.4%), linolenate methyl (23.9%), heneicosane (12.2%), octadecane (4.4%), methyl octadecanoate (2.2%), elemol (1.7%), dodecanoic acid (1.2%) and benzyl salicylate (1.3%). The volatile components of cooked Scorzonera hispanica [4], contained 8 aliphatic acids (30.6%) and 32 aliphatic hydrocarbons (26.9%). The major component was hexadecanoic acid (22.1%). Finally the content of the essential oil of the aerial parts of S. mongolica collected in China [5], revealed the presence of hentriacontane (34.75%), and A’-neogammacer-22(29)-en-3β-ol (21.47%) as main components.
4. Conclusion
This study showed that the volatile fraction of the roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa growing an Algeria is primarily characterized by the presence of hexadecanoic acid, n-tetradecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid which is the principal fatty acid of olive oil and 9-hexadecenoic acid as main compounds.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors thank Prof. Laouar Hocine for the identification of the plant. Thanks are also due to the UMR 5557 CNRS-UCBL of University of Lyon for technical assistance.
NOTES