Effects and correlates of continuous training programme on psychosocial status and white blood cell count in men with essential hypertension: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect and relationship of continuous training programme on WBCc and psychosocial status of black African (Nigerian) subjects with hypertension. Methods: Nigerian subjects with diagnosis of hypertension attending the hypertensive clinic of Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital (MMSH), Kano, Nigeria form the population for the study. 217 subjects with mild to moderate (systolic blood pressure [SBP] between 140-180 & diastolic blood pressure [DBP] between 90-109 mmHg) essential hypertension were age matched and randomly grouped into continuous (112) & control groups (105). The continuous group involved in an 8 weeks continuous training (60%-79% HR max) of between 45 minutes to 60 minutes, 3 times per week, while the controls group remain sedentary. SBP, DBP, WBCc, VO2max and psychosocial status were assessed. Student t test and Pearson correlation test were used in data analysis. Results: The study revealed a significant beneficial effect of continuous training programmes on VO2max, SBP, DBP, WBCc and psychosocial status (p < 0.05). Psychosocial status and WBCc were positively and negatively correlated respectively with VO2max at p < 0.01. Conclusions: This study supports the recommendations of moderate intensity (continuous) training program as an adjunct multi-therapy in blood pressure, inflammatory and psychosocial stress management in hypertension.

Share and Cite:

Lamina, S. , Okoye, C. , Ezema, C. , Ezugwu, U. , Amaeze, A. and Nwankwo, M. (2013) Effects and correlates of continuous training programme on psychosocial status and white blood cell count in men with essential hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Health, 5, 1397-1405. doi: 10.4236/health.2013.59191.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Muntner, P., Whelton, P.K. and He, J. (2005) Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet, 365, 217-223.
[2] Williams, B., Poulter, N.R., Brown, M.J., Davis, M., McInnes, G.T. and Potter, J.F. (2004) British Hypertension Society. Guidelines for management of hypertension: Report of the fourth working party of the British hypertension society, 2004-BHS IV. Journal of Human Hypertension, 18, 139-185. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001683
[3] Tomson, J. and Lip, G.Y. (2005) Blood pressure demographics: Nature or nurture genes or environment? BMC Medicine, 3, 3-6. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-3
[4] Boos, C.J. and Lip, G.Y. (2005) Elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, large arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: A relationship between inflammation and hypertension? Journal of Human Hypertension, 19, 511-513. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001858
[5] Vazquez-Oliva, G., Fernandez-Real, J.M., Zamora, A., Vilaseca, M. and Badimon, L. (2005) Lowering of blood pressure leads to decreased circulating interleukin-6 in hypertensive subjects. Journal of Human Hypertension, 19, 457-462. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001845
[6] Bautista, L.E. (2003) Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of high blood pressure: Epidemiologic and biological evidence. Journal of Human Hypertension, 17, 223-230. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001537
[7] Bautista, L.E., Lopez-Jaramillo, P. and Vera, L.M. (2001) Is C-reactive protein an independent risk factor for essential hypertension? Journal of Hypertension, 19, 857-861. doi:10.1097/00004872-200105000-00004
[8] Mugge, A. and Lopex, J.A. (1991) Do leucocytes have a role in hypertension? Hypertension, 17, 331-333. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.17.3.331
[9] Sinisalo, J., Paronen, J., Muttila, K.J., Syrjata, M., Alfthan, G., Palosuo, T., Nieminen, M.S. and Vaorala, O. (2000) Relation of inflammation to vascular friction in patients with coronary heart disease. Athrosderosis, 49, 403-411. doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00333-0
[10] Ito, B.R., Schmid-Schnobein, G. and Engler, R.L. (1990) Effect of leucocyte activation on myocardial vascular resistance. Blood Cells, 16, 145-163.
[11] Friedman, G.D., Selby, J.V. and Qveseroberry, C.P. (1990) The leukocyte count a predictor of hypertension. Journal of Clinical Epidmiology, 43, 907-911. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90074-Y
[12] Kuchel, O. (1983) The autonomic nervous system and blood pressure regulation in human hypertension. In Genest, J., Kuchel, O., Hamet, P. and Cantin, M., Eds., Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Treatment, 2nd Edition, McGrawHill, New York, 140-160.
[13] Bruunsgaard, H. (2005) Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 78, 819-835. doi:10.1189/jlb.0505247
[14] Kasapis, C. and Thompson, P.D. (2005) The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45, 1563-1569. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077
[15] Mohamed-Ali, V., Bulmer, K. and Clarke, D. (2000) Adrenergic regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in humans. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24, S154-S155. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801311
[16] MacDonald, J.R., Hogben, C.D., Tarnopolski, M.A. and McDougall, J.G. (2001) Post exercise hypertension is sustained during subsequent bouts of mild exercise and simulated activities of daily living. Journal of Human Hypertension, 15, 567-571. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001223
[17] Pearson, T.A., Blair, S.N. and Daniels, S.R. (2001) AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: Consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation, 106, 388-391. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000020190.45892.75
[18] Peake, J.M., Suzuki, K., Hordern, M., Wilson, G., Nosaka, K. and Coombes, J.S. (2005) Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 514-521. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0035-2
[19] Nicklas, B.J. and Brinkley, T.E. (2009) Exercise as a treatment for chronic inflammation in older adults. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 37, 165-170.
[20] Ruggiero, C., Metter, E.J. and Cherubini, A. (2010) Limited systemic sclerosis patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension show biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury. PLoSOne, 17, e12106.
[21] Nicklas, B.J., Hsu, F.C. and Brinkley, T.J. (2008) Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 2045-2052. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01994.x
[22] Wong, N.D., Pio, J., Valencia, R. and Thakal, G. (2001) Distribution of C-reactive protein and its relation to risk factors and coronary heart disease risk estimation in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Preventive Cardiology, 4, 109-114. doi:10.1111/j.1520-037X.2001.00570.x
[23] Hall, W.D., Ferrario, C.M., Moore, M.A., Hall, J.E., Flack, J.M. and Cooper, W. (1997) Hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in the southeastern United States. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 313, 195-209. doi:10.1097/00000441-199704000-00002
[24] American College of Sport Medicine (1991) Guide lines for exercise testing and Prescription. 4th Edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
[25] Townsend, R.R., Mcfadden, T.C., Ford, V., Cadee, J.A. (2004) A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial of casein protein hydrolysnte (C12 peptide) in human essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension, 17, 1056-1058. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.06.018
[26] Musa, D.I., Ibrahim, D.M. and Toriola, A.L. (2002) Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factors of CHD in pre-adolescent Nigerian girls. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 42, 455.
[27] International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) (2001) International standards for anthropometric assessment. ISAK, Patche Fstroom.
[28] Bachorik, P.S. (1982) Collection of blood sample for lipoprotein analysis. Clinical Chemistry, 28, 1375-1378.
[29] Barbieri, M., Ferrucci, L., Corsi, A.M., Macchi, C., Lauretani, F., Bonafe, M., Olivieri, F., Giovagnetti, S., Franceschi, C. and Paolisso, G. (2003) Is chronic inflammation a determinant of blood pressure in the elderly? AJH, 16, 537-543.
[30] Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S.M. (1975) Practical hematology, 5th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London.
[31] Stephens, T. and Graig, C.L. (1990) The well being of Canadian: highlights of the 1988 Cambell Survey. Ottawa Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.
[32] American College of Sports Medicine (1995) ASCM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 5th Edition, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
[33] Katzung, B.G. (1998) Basic and clinical pharmacology. 7th Edition, Lange Medical Books/Craw Hill, New York.
[34] Mancia, G., Ferari, L., Gregorini, L., Leonett, L., Terzoli, L., Biachini, C. and Zanchetti, A. (1980) Effects of treatment with methyldopia on basal haemodynamic and on rural control. In: Robertson, J.S., Pickering, G.W. and Goldwell A.D.S., Eds., The Therapeutics of Hypertension, Royal Society of Medicine and Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London, 70-78.
[35] Salako, L.A. (1976) Treatment of hypertension: Cardiovascular disease in Africa. Ciba Geigy Ltd., Ibadan.
[36] American College of Sport Medicine (1993) Physical activity, physical fitness and hypertension. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, i-x. doi:10.1249/00005768-199310000-00024
[37] Laterza, M.C., Demator, L.D., Trombetta, I.C., Braza, A.M., Roveda, F., Alves, M.J., Negrao, C.E. and Rondon, M.U. (2007) Exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in never trained hypertensive patients. Hypertension, 49, 1298-1306. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085548
[38] Westhoff, T.H., Franke, N., Schmidt, S., Valbracht-Israng, K., Meissner, R., Yildirim, H., Schlattmann, P., Zidek, W. and Vandergiet, M. (2007) Too old benefit from sports? The cardiovascular effects of exercise training in elding subjects treated for isolated systolic hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Research, 30, 240-247. doi:10.1159/000104093
[39] Kullo, D.I., Khaleghi, M. and Hensrud, D.D. (2007) Markers of inflammation are inversely associated with VO2max in symptomatic men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, 1374-1379. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2006
[40] Church, T.S., Finley, C.E., Earnest, C.P., Kampert, J.B., Gibbon, L.W. and Blair, S.N. (2003) Relative associations of fitness and fatness to fibrinogen, white blood count, uric and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 805-813.
[41] Shankar, A., Klein, B.E. and Klien, R. (2001) Relationship between white blood cell count and incident hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension, 17, 233-239. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.11.005

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.