Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional and Toxicological Analyses of Leaves and Fruits of Solanum macrocarpon Linn (Solanaceae) in Cotonou (Benin)

Tamègnon Victorien Dougnon, Honoré Sourou Bankolé, Roch Christian Johnson, Jean Robert Klotoé, Godfried Dougnon, Fernand Gbaguidi, Fidèle Assogba, Joachim Gbénou, Salifou Sahidou, Jean-Marc Atègbo, Bertrand Henri Rhin, Frédéric Loko, Michel Boko, Aléodjrodo Patrick Edorh

Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Essentials Oils, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences, Champ de Foire, Cotonou, Benin.
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Formation and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.
National Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Benin Center of Scientific and Technical Research, and Essential Oils, Porto-Novo, Benin.
Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
Unit Inserm U525, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nancy, France.
Unit of Training and Research in Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Champ de Foire, Cotonou, Benin.

DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.311208                

Abstract

Vegetables are very important sources of protein and minerals. Some of them even have medicinal properties recognized traditionally. Despite the large number of studies carried out on various vegetables and vegetable crops, very few have scientifically explored the usefulness of S. macrocarpon. This study identified the main groups of chemicals and mineral elements to explain any medicinal or nutritional value. It has also identified some toxic elements contained in this vegetable. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the leaves and fruits of S. macrocarpon. Some mineral elements were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) while protein, phosphorous, iron, copper, zinc and toxic metals (lead, cadmium) were determined by Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry. Fat, ash, moisture and vitamins were sought. The study showed that the leaves of S. macrocarpon were more nutritious than fruits (P < 0.05). The high protein content of the leaves and fruit suggests an interesting nutritive property. The presence of chemical groups and toxic elements (lead, cadmium) in S. macrocarpon require that the consumption of vegetables should be as varied as possible and that the fruit may be consumed with caution. In addition, constraints about vegetable cultivation in Cotonou could lead to research findings that could help provide techniques for producing healthy vegetables.Vitamins A and K1 were found in both parts of this vegetable very rich in water while vitamin E has not been detected. S. macrocarpon also contains lipids at various levels.

Keywords

S. macrocarpon; Nutrients; Minerals; Lead; Cadmium; Cotonou

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	CERPADEC-ONG, “Manuel de l’Apprenant en Techniques de Conduite et de Production de Cultures Mara?chères,” 2008, p. 20.
[2]	G. J. H. Grubben and O. A. Denton, “Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Vegetables,” Ponennad Looijenhv, Wageningen, 2004, p. 667.
[3]	T. V. Dougnon, P. A. Edorh, H. S. Bankolé, T. J. Dougnon, S. A. Montcho, A. Hounkpatin, M. Gouissi, B. Sossou, M. Boko and E. E. Creppy, “Evaluation of the Toxicological Quality of the Leaves of Solanum macrocarpum L. Cultivated with the Chicken’s Droppings and Water of Marsh at Cotonou (Benin),” Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012a, pp. 1-6.
[4]	O. A. Sodipo, F. I. Abdulrahman, T. E. Alemika and I. A. Gulani, “Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of the Petroleum Ether Extract of Solanum macrocarpum L. (Local Name: Gorongo),” British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012, pp. 108-128.
[5]	O. A. Sodipo, F. I. Abdulrahman, J. C. Akan and J. A. Akinniyi, “Phytochemical Screening and Elemental Constituents of the Fruit of Solanum macrocarpum Linn,” Continental Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, 2008, pp. 85-94.
[6]	V. T. Dougnon, H. S. Bankolé, P. A. Edorh, J. T. Dougnon, M. Gouissi, A. Hounkpatin, S. Montcho, H. Azonhè, J.-R. Klotoé and M. Boko, “Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of the Leaves of Solanum macrocarpum L. Cultivated with the Chicken’s Droppings and Water of Marsh in Cotonou (Republic of Benin),” International Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012b, pp. 45-52.
[7]	F. Assogba-Komlan and P. Anihouvi, “Pratiques Culturales et Teneur en Eléments Anti Nutritionnels (Nitrates et Pesticides) du Solanum macrocarpum au Sud du Bénin,” African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2007, pp. 1-21.
[8]	P. J. Houghton and A. Raman, “Laboratory Handbook for the Fractionation of Natural Extracts,” Chapman and Hall, New York, 1998, pp. 130-207. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5809-5
[9]	Hach, “Digesdahl Digestion Apparatus: Instruction Manual for Models 23130-20-21,” Hach USA, 1999, p. 95.
[10]	A. F. Gbaguidi, “Identification, Purification, Isolement et Quantifications de Principes Actifs de Mitracarpus scaber Zucc. et Evaluation de Leurs Activités Antimicrobiennes sur Dermatophilus congolensis,” Thèse de Doctorat, Université d’Abomey-Calavi (Benin) et Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgique), 2005, p.176.
[11]	AOAC, “Official Methods of Analysis (Section 923.03 and 962.09),” 15th Edition, Washington DC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990.
[12]	D. Audigié, G. Dupont and T. Zonszain, “Manipulation d’Analyse Biochimique, ” Doin., Paris, 1978. pp. 27-74.
[13]	M. E. Shils, M. Shike, A. C. Ross, B. Caballero and R. J. Cousings, “Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,” 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, A Wolters Klumer Company, UK, 2006, pp. 280-281
[14]	P. M. Guimar?es-Beelen, T. T. Berchielli, R. Beelen, J. A. Filho and S. G. de Oliveira, “Characterization of Condensed Tannins from Native Legumes of the Braziliannortheastern Semi-Arid,” Scientia Agricola, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2006, pp. 522-528.
[15]	P. K. Emebu and J. U. Anyika, “Vitamin and Antinutrient Composition of Kale (Brassica oleracea) Grown in Delta State, Nigeria,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2011, pp. 76-79.
[16]	S. N. Chinedu, A. C. Olasumbo, O. K. Eboji, O. C. Emiloju, O. K. Arinola and D. I. Dania, “Proximate and Phytochemical Analyses of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Solanum macrocarpon L. Fruits,” Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2011, pp. 63-71.
[17]	S. S. Gupta, “Prospects and Perspective of Natural Plant Products,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994, pp. 1-12.
[18]	A. A. Olaniyi, J. S. K. Ayim, A. O. Ogundaini and T. A. Olugbade, “Essential Inorganic and Organic Chemistry,” Omoade Printing Press, Ibadan, 1998, p. 582.
[19]	S.-Y. Lin, H.-Y. Liu, Y.-L. Lu and W.-C. Hou, “Antioxidant Activities of Mucilages from Different Taiwanese Yam Cultivars,” Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, Vol. 46, 2005, pp. 183-188.
[20]	J. Bruneton, “Parmacognosie-Phytochimie-Plantes Médicinales, 3rd édition, éditions Tec & Doc et Médicales Internationales, Cachan, Paris, 1999, p. 1120.
[21]	A. L. Otshudi, A. Vercruysse and A. Foriers, “Contribution to the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Dysentery and Diarrhoea in Lomola Area, Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2000, pp. 411-423. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00167-7
[22]	P. R. Cheek, “Nutritional and Physiological Implications of Saponins: A Review,” Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 51, No. 3, 1971, pp. 621-632. doi:10.4141/cjas71-082
[23]	E. Y. Ladiguina, L. N. Safronich, V. E. Otriacheva, I. A. Balandina, N. I. Grinkevich, A. A. Sorokina, V. I. Glizin, L. M. Molodojnikova, Y. S. Mitin, I. A. Samilina and V. A. Ermakova, “Khimicheskii Analiz Lekarstvenii Rastenii,” Moskva Vischaya Chkola, 1983, p. 172.
[24]	G. V. Lazureskii, I. V. Terenteva and A. A. Chamchurin, “Praticheskii Raboti po Khimii Soedinienii,” édition Vischaya Chkola, Moscou, 1966, p. 334.
[25]	K. M. Roberts, K. G. Daryl, A. M. Peter and W. K. Victor, “Harper’s Biochemistry,” 25th Edition, Lange Medical Book, Appleton and Lange, 2000, pp. 209-210.
[26]	H. A. Schroeder, “Trace Element and Nutrition,” Faber, London, 1976, pp. 30-46.
[27]	E. A. Moses, V. O. Ogugbuaja and V. C. Ogarawu, “Enrichment of Element of Nigerian Bituminous Coal Fly Ash and Their Effects on Haematological Parameters of Exposed Rabbits,” Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied Biology, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002, pp. 95-100.
[28]	F. I. Abdulrahman, “Studies in the Chemical Contents and Pharmacological Activities of the Root-Bark Extract of Vitex doniana (Black Plum),” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 2004, pp. 55-82.
[29]	Y. Karumi, “Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Momordica balsamina (Balsam Apple) Leaf Extract,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 2005, pp. 58-96.
[30]	H. H. Sandstead, J. G. Penland, N. W. Alcock, H. H. Dayal, X. C. Chen, J. S. Li, F. Zhao and J. J. Yang, “Effects of Repletion with Zinc and Other Micronutrients on Neuropsychologic Performance and Growth of Chinese Children,” The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 470S-475S.
[31]	C. Tchiégang and K. Aissatou, “Données Ethnonutritionnelles et Caractéristiques Physico-Chimiques des LégumesFeuilles Consommés Dans la Savane de l’Adamaoua (Cameroun), Tropicultura, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2004, pp. 11-18.
[32]	P. Kathirvel, “A Study on the Proximate and Mineral Composition of Crotalaria semperflorens Vent,” International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 64-66.
[33]	O. M. Ighodaro, S. O. Agunbiade, J. O. Omole and O. A. Kuti, “Evaluation of the Chemical, Nutritional, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant-Vitamin Profiles of Piliostigma thonningii Leaves (Nigerian species),” Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, Vol. 6, No 7, 2012, pp. 537-543. doi:10.3923/rjmp.2012.537.543
[34]	B. O. Agoreyo, E. S. Obansa and E. O. Obanor, “Comparative Nutritional and Phytochemical analyses of Two Varieties of Solanum melongena,” Science World Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012, pp. 5-8.
[35]	F. A. Showemimo and J. D. Olarewaju, “Agro-Nutritional Determinants of Some Garden Varieties (Solanum gilo L.),” Journal of Food and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2004, pp. 172-175.
[36]	Ctifl, “Le Point sur la Ma?trise de la Qualité Hygiénique des Salades, ” Imprimerie Centr’Imprim, France, 2001, p. 4.
[37]	T. V. Dougnon, P. A. Edorh, H. S. Bankolé, T. J. Dougnon, S. Salifou, L. Koumolou, S. A. Montcho and M. Boko, “Evaluation of the Toxicological Quality of Chicken’s Droppings Used for the Culture of Solanum macrocarpum L. in Cotonou (Republic of Benin),” International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012c, pp. 91-94.