Relationship of Uric Acid with Superoxide Dismutase (Sod) in Induced Hyperuricemic Rat Model

Shiza Batool, Iftikhar Ahmed, Muhammad Sarwar, Hafeez ul Hassan

Assistant Biochemistry Department, Aziz Fatima medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Professor Biochemistry Department, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Professor Chemical Pathology Department, Al Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Professor Physiology Department, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan..

DOI: 10.4236/pp.2012.34054                

Abstract

Increase uric acid levels have been found in oxidative stress. Urate radicals do not react with oxygen to form another peroxy radical, thus increasing the efficacy of uric acid as an antioxidant. Therefore, this study is designed to measure the level of uric acids and find out the relationship of uric acid with superoxide dismutase in induced hyperuricemic model. Forty male albino rats with an average weight of 180 ± 2 g were selected. The rats were grouped. The animals were fed on standard diet and given tap water ad libitum until treatment. Albino rats were divided into four groups. Group A(10)-control given only standard diet, group B(10) fed on 60% fructose with standard diet , group C(10) fed on fructose, standard diet and intraperitonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg and group D (10) only on injection intraperotonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg. At the end of study 10 mL of blood was drawn from heart of rats. Then blood was estimated for superoxide dismutase and uric acids done by kit methods randox-manual/Rx monza UA230/UA 233. Results: In Group C superoxide dismutase was found to be 32 % (244 mg/dL ± 2.23) more than control. In the same group the uric acid concentration was highly significantly correlated with control. Conclusion: The uric acid concentration increases when we take fructose up to 60% in our diet. It also increases superoxide dismutase concentration. More than this value may have inverse effect on the uric acid level and its role as an antioxidant may become inversed.

Keywords

Uric Acid; Superoxide Dismutase; Albino Rats; Fructose Induced Hyperuricemia

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Role of free radicals and catalytic. Epub May 14, 2008.
[2]	Becker LB, Vanden Hoek TL, Shao ZH, Li CQ, Schumacker PT. Generation of superoxide in cardiomyocytes during ischemia before reperfusion. Am J Physiol. 1999 277(6 Pt 2): H2240-6.
[3]	Young, I S. and Wood-side, J V. Antioxidants in health and disease J Clin Pathol. 2001 54:176–186.
[4]	Augustin AJ. Oxidative tissue damage. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2010. 227(2):90-8.
[5]	Li Y, Huang TT, Carlson EJ, Melov S, Ursell PC, Olson JL, Noble LJ, Yoshimura MP, Berger C, Chan PH, Wallace DC, Epstein CJ . Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide dismutase. Nat. Genet. 1995. 11 (4): 376–77.
[6]	Elchuri S, Oberley TD, Qi W, Eisenstein RS, Jackson Roberts L, Van Remmen H, Epstein CJ, Huang TT. CuZnSOD deficiency leads to persistent and widespread oxidative damage and hepatocarcinogenesis later in life. Oncogene 2005. 24 (3): 367–80.
[7]	Muller FL, Song W, Liu Y, Chaudhuri A, Pieke-Dahl S, Strong R, Huang TT, Epstein CJ, Roberts LJ, Csete M, Faulkner JA, Van Remmen H. Absence of CuZn superoxide dismutase leads to elevated oxidative stress and acceleration of age-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006. 40 (11): 1993–2004.
[8]	Sentman ML, Granstrom M, Jakobson H, Reaume A, Basu S, Marklund SL "Phenotypes of mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase and copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase". J. Biol. Chem. 2006. 281 (11): 6904–9.
[9]	Ames, B N. Cathcart, R. Schwiers, E. and Hochstein, P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant-and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981; 78(11): 6858–6862.
[10]	Nieto FJ, Iribarren C, Gross MD, Comstock GW, Cutler RG . Uric acid and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2000., 148(1):131-9.
[11]	Waring, W.S. Uric acid: an important antioxidant in acute ischaemic stroke. QJM. 2002. 95 (10): 691-693.
[12]	Whiteman. M, Kestsakul, U. Halliwell, B. A Reassessment of the Peroxynitrite Scavenging Activity of Uric Acid Volume 962, Nitric oxide: anaoval actions, deleterious effects and clinical potential. 2002 242–259,.
[13]	Toncev G, Milicic B, Toncev S, Samardzic G. High-dose methylprednisolone therapy in multiple sclerosis increases serum uric acid levels. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 40(5):505-8.
[14]	Johnson RJ, Perez-Pozo SE, Sautin YY, Manitius J, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Feig DI, Shafiu M, Segal M, Glassock RJ, Shimada M, Roncal C, Nakagawa T. Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2009; 30(1):96-116.
[15]	Crapo PA, Kolterman OG. The metabolic effects of 2-week fructose feeding in normal subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39(4):525-34.
[16]	Sam Z Sun, Brent D Flickinger, Patricia S Williamson-Hughes and Mark W Empie. Lack of association between dietary fructose and hyperuricemia risk in adults. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2010. 7:16.
[17]	H. Ulrich Hink; Nalini Santanam; Sergey Dikalov; Louise McCann; Andrew D. Nguyen; Sampath Parthasarathy; David G. Harrison; Tohru Fukai. Peroxidase Properties of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase. Role of Uric Acid in Modulating In Vivo Activity Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology2002.,22:1402.
[18]	Jewett SL, Rocklin AM, Ghanevati M, Abel JM, Marach JA. A new look at a time-worn system: oxidation of CuZn-SOD by H2O2. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(7-8):905-18.
[19]	Steven P. A. Goss, Ravinder J. Singh and B. Kalyanaraman. Bicarbonate Enhances the Peroxidase Activity of Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase. Role of Carbonate anion radical. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999., 274, 28233-28239.
[20]	Miller A, Adeli K .dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin gastroentrol 2008, 24(2):204-9
[21]	Choi JW, Ford ES, Sugar sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum uric acid level:the third national health and nutrition examination survey, Arthritis Rheum 2008.,59(1):109-16.
[22]	Mayes PA.intermediary metabolism of fructose .Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 58(5suppl).
[23]	VitartV, Rudan I. SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout .Nat Genet 2008, 40(4):437-42.
[24]	Howard AN. Historical development, efficacy and safety of very low calorie diets. Int J Obes 1981, 5(3):195-208.
[25]	Kirch W, Von Gicycki C. renal function in therapeutic starvation. Wien Klin Wochenschir1980, 92(8):263-6.
[26]	Perez Pozo SE,Schold J ,Nakagawa T. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men, role of uric acid in hypertensive response. Int J Obes 2010; 34(3):454-61.