[1]
|
Autran, B., Carcelain, G., Li, T.S., Blanc, C., Mathez, D., Tubiana, R., Katlama, C., Debre, P. and Leibowitch, J. (1997) Positive Effects of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on CD4+T Cell Homeostasis and Function in Advanced HIV Disease. Science, 277, 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5322.112
|
[2]
|
Libamba, E., Makombe, S., Harries, A.D., Chimzizi, R., Salaniponi, F.M., Schouten, E.J. and Mpazanje, R. (2005) Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa: Learning from Tuberculosis Control Programmes—The Case of Malawi. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9, 1062-1071.
|
[3]
|
Ahmadi, K., Hall, M., Norman, P., Vaughan, R., Snieder, H., Spector, T. and Lanchbury, J. (2001) Genetic Determinism in the Relationship between Human CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Populations. Genes and Immunity, 2, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6363796
|
[4]
|
Ampofo, W., Torpey, K., Mukadi, Y., Nolan, K., Amenyah, R., Kaito, E., Antwi, P., Ofori-Adjei, D. and Lamptey, P. (2006) Normal CD4 T Lymphocyte Levels in HIV Seronegative Individuals in the Manya/Yilo Krobo Communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Viral Immunology, 19, 260-266. https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2006.19.260
|
[5]
|
Masur, H., Kaplan, J.E. and Holmes, K.K. (2002) Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Infected Persons—2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 435-478. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-5_Part_2-200209031-00002
|
[6]
|
Department of Health and Human Services (2008) Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. 1-128.
|
[7]
|
British HIV Association (2008) Guidelines for Treatment of HIV-Infected Adults with Antiretroviral Therapy. http://www.bhiva.org/files/file1030835.pdf
|
[8]
|
Josephson, F., Albert, J., Flamholc, L., et al. (2007) Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection: Swedish Recommendations 2007. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39, 486-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540701383154
|
[9]
|
Gallant, J.E. (2007) Should Antiretroviral Therapy Be Started Earlier? Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 4, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-007-0008-7
|
[10]
|
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach (2006). http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf
|
[11]
|
Wood, E., Hogg, R.S., Yip, B., Harrigan, P.R., O’Shaughnessy, M.V. and Montaner, J.S. (2003) Is There a Baseline CD4 Cell Count That Precludes a Survival Response to Modern Antiretroviral Therapy? AIDS, 17, 711-120. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200303280-00009
|
[12]
|
Ahdieh-Grant, L., Yamashita, T.E., Phair, J.P., et al. (2003) When to Initiate Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cohort Approach. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 738-746. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg036
|
[13]
|
Ullrich, K., Koenigsmann, M., Mohren, M. and Franke, A. (2005) Lymphocyte Subsets Reference Ranges in an Age- and Gender-Balanced Population of 100 Healthy Adults—A Monocentric German Study. Clinical Immunology, 116, 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2005.03.020
|
[14]
|
Maini, M.K., Gilson, R.J., Chavda, N., Gill, S., Fakoya, A., Ross, E.J. and Phillips, A.N. (1996) Weller: Reference Ranges and Sources of Variability of CD4 Counts in HIV-Seronegative Women and Men. Genitourinary Medicine, 72, 27-31.
|
[15]
|
Prins, M., Robertson, J.R., Brettle, R.P., Aguado, I.H., Broers, B., Boufassa, F., Goldberg, D.J., Zangerle, R., Coutinho, R.A. and Hoek van den, A. (1999) Do Gender Differences in CD4 Cell Counts Matter?. AIDS, 13, 2361-2364.
|
[16]
|
Nduka, N., Aneke, C. and Maxwell-Owhochuku, S. (1988) Comparison of Some Haematological Indices of Africans and Caucasians Resident in the Same Nigerian Environment. Haematologia (Budap), 21, 57-63.
|
[17]
|
Miyawaki, T., Taga, K., Nagaoki, T., Seki, H., Suzuki, Y. and Taniguchi, N. (1984) Circadian Changes of T Lymphocyte Subsets in Human Peripheral Blood. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 55, 618-622.
|
[18]
|
Espersen, G.T., Elbaek, A., Ernst, E., Toft, E., Kaalund, S., Jersild, C. and Grunnet, N. (1990) Effect of Physical Exercise on Cytokines and Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. APMIS, 98, 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb01049.x
|
[19]
|
Tsegaye, A., Messele, T., Tilahun, T., Hailu, E., Sahlu, T., Doorly, R., Fontanet, A.L. and Rinke de Wit, T.F. (1999) Immunohematological Reference Ranges for Adult Ethiopians. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 6, 410-414.
|
[20]
|
Hulstaert, F., Hannet, I., Deneys, V., Munhyeshuli, V., Reichert, T., De Bruyere, M. and Strauss, K. (1994) Age-Related Changes in Human Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations. II. Varying Kinetics of Percentage and Absolute Count Measurements. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 70, 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1994.1023
|
[21]
|
Tollerud, D.J., Clark, J.W., Brown, L.M., Neuland, C.Y., Pankiw-Trost, L.K., Blattner, W.A. and Hoover, R.N. (1989) The Influence of Age, Race, and Gender on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear-Cell Subsets in Healthy Nonsmokers. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 9, 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00916817
|
[22]
|
Jones, A.R., Twedt, D., Swaim, W. and Gottfried, E. (1996) Diurnal Change of Blood Count Analytes in Normal Subjects. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 106, 723-727. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/106.6.723
|
[23]
|
Mientjes, G.H., van Ameijden, E.J., Roos, M.T., de Leeuw, N.A., Hoek van den, J.A., Coutinho, R.A. and Miedema, F.F. (1992) Large Diurnal Variation in CD4 Cell Count and T-Cell Function among Drug Users: Implications for Clinical Practice and Epidemiological Studies. AIDS, 6, 1269-1272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199211000-00005
|
[24]
|
Malone, J.L., Simms, T.E., Gray, G.C., Wagner, K.F., Burge, J.R. and Burke, D.S. (1990) Sources of Variability in Repeated T-Helper Lymphocyte Counts from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients: Total Lymphocyte Count Fluctuations and Diurnal Cycle Are Important. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3, 144-151.
|
[25]
|
Anglaret, X., Diagbouga, S., Mortier, E., Meda, N., Verge-Valette, V., Sylla-Koko, F., Cousens, S., Laruche, G., Ledru, E., Bonard, D., Dabis, F. and Perre Van de, P. (1997) CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Counts in HIV Infection: Are European Standards Applicable to African Patients? Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retro-virology, 14, 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704010-00009
|
[26]
|
Feki, S., Rekaya, Z., Ben Chaaben, T., Zribi, A., Boukef, K. and Jenhani, F. (1998) Determination of T-lymphocyte Subsets in a North African Population (Tunisia): Establishment of Normal Ranges and Results in HIV-Infected Individuals. Disease Markers, 14, 161-164. https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/153450
|
[27]
|
Levin, A., Brubaker, G., Shao, J.S., Kumby, D., O’Brien, T.R., Goedert, J.J., Strauss, K.W., Blattner, W.A. and Hannet, I. (1996) Determination of T-Lymphocyte Subsets on Site in Rural Tanzania: Results in HIV-1 Infected and Non-Infected Individuals. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 7, 288-291. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462961917825
|
[28]
|
Menard, D., Mandeng, M.J., Tothy, M.B., Kelembho, E.K., Gresenguet, G. and Talarmin, A. (2003) Immunohematological Reference Ranges for Adults from the Central African Republic. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 10, 443-445.
|
[29]
|
Messele, T., Abdulkadir, M., Fontanet, A.L., Petros, B., Hamann, D., Koot, M., Roos, M.T., Schellekens, P.T., Miedema, F. and Rinke de Wit, T.F. (1999) Reduced Naive and Increased Activated CD4 and CD8 Cells in Healthy Adult Ethiopians Compared with Their Dutch Counterparts. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 115, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00815.x
|
[30]
|
Tugume, S.B., Piwowar, E.M., Lutalo, T., Mugyenyi, P.N., Grant, R.M., Mangeni, F.W., Pattishall, K. and Katongole-Mbidde, E. (1995) Hematological Reference Ranges among Healthy Ugandans. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 2, 233-235.
|
[31]
|
Uppal, S.S., Verma, S. and Dhot, P.S. (2003) Normal Values of CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Indian Adults and the Effects of Sex, Age, Ethnicity, and Smoking. Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry, 52, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.10011
|
[32]
|
Vithayasai, V., Sirisanthana, T., Sakonwasun, C. and Suvanpiyasiri, C. (1997) Flow Cytometric Analysis of T-Lymphocytes Subsets in Adult Thais. Asian Pacific Journal of Al-lergy and Immunology, 15, 141-146.
|
[33]
|
Urassa, W.K., Lyamuya, E.F., Mbena, E., Kagoma, C., Bredberg Raden, U., Pallangyo, K.P., Magessa, P., Mhalu, F.S. and Biberfeld, G. (1996) Immunohaematological Findings in Healthy and HIV-1 Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East African Medical Journal, 73, 670-674.
|
[34]
|
Lahita, R. (2000) Sex Hormones and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 26, 951-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70178-2
|
[35]
|
Vajpayee, M., Kaushik, S., Sreenivas, V., Wig, N. and Seth, P. (2005) CDC Staging Based on Absolute CD4 Count and CD4 Percentage in an HIV-1-Infected Indian Poipulation: Treatment Implications. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 141, 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02857.x
|
[36]
|
Kalayjian, R., Landay, A., Pollard, R., Taub, D., Gross, B., Francis, I., Sevin, A., Pu, M., Spritzler, J., Chernoff, M., Namkung, A., Fox, L., Waterman, K., Fiscus, S., Sha, B., Johnson, D., Slater, S., Rousseau, F. and Lederman, M. (2003) Age Related Immune Dysfunction in Health and in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease: Association of Age and HIV Infection with Naive CD8 Cell Depletion, Reduced Expression of CD28 on CD8 Cells and Reduced Thymic Volumes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187, 1924-1933. https://doi.org/10.1086/375372
|
[37]
|
Olsen, N. and Kovacs, W. (2001) Effects of Androgens on T and B Lymphocyte Development. Immunologic Research, 23, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1385/IR:23:2-3:281
|
[38]
|
Ferro-Luzzi, A., Franklin, M. and James, W.P. (1992) A Simplified Approach of Assessing Adult Chronic Energy Deficiency. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 73-186.
|
[39]
|
NCCLS (2000) How to Define and Determine Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Guideline. 2nd Edition, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA, C28-A2, Vol. 20, p. 13.
|
[40]
|
Forbi, J.C. and Agwale, S.M. (2009) Inverted CD4+ /CD8+ Ratio Associated with AIDS Event and Death in HIV-1 infected individuals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 11, 144-148.
|
[41]
|
Uppal, S.S., Verma, S. and Dhot, P.S. (2003) Normal Values of CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Indian Adults and the Effects of Sex, Age, Ethnicity and Smoking. Cytometry, 52, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.10011
|
[42]
|
Lugada, E.S., Mermin, J. and Kaharuza, F. (2004) Population-Based Hematologic and Immunologic Reference Values for a Healthy Ugandan Population. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 11, 29-34.
|
[43]
|
Mair, C., Hawes, S., Agne, H., Sow, P., N’dove, I., Manhart, L., Fu, P., Gottlieb, G. and Kiviat, N. (2007) Factors Associated with CD4 Lymphocyte Counts in HIV-Negative Senegalese Individuals. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 151, 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03573.x
|
[44]
|
Ngowi, B., Mfinanga, S., Bruun, J. and Morkve, O. (2009) Immunohaematological Reference Values in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adolescent and Adults in Rural Northern Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-1
|
[45]
|
Santagostino, A., Garbaccio, G., Pistorio, A., Bolis, V., Camisasca, G., Pagliaro, P. and Girotto, M. (1999) An Italian National Multicenter Study for the Definition of Reference Ranges for Normal Values of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Adults. Haematologica, 84, 499-504.
|
[46]
|
Schaberge, T., Theilacker, C., Nitschke, O. and Lode, H. (1997) Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood and Smoking Habits. Lung, 175, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00007585
|
[47]
|
Meier, A., Chang, J., Chan, E., Pollard, R., Sidhu, H., Kulkarni, S., Wen, T., Lindsay, R., Orellana, L., Mildvan, D., Bazner, S., Streeck, H., Alter, G., Lifson, J., Carrington, M., Bosch, R., Robbins, G. and Altfeld, M. (2009) Sex Differences in the Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Response of Plasmocytoid Dendritic Cells to HIV-1. Nature Medicine, 15, 955-959. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2004
|
[48]
|
Bisset, L.R., Lung, T.L., Kaelin, M., Ludwig, E. and Dubs, R.W. (2004) Reference Values for Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Phenotypes Applicable to the Healthy Adult Population in Switzerland. European Journal of Haematology, 72, 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0902-4441.2003.00199.x
|
[49]
|
Jiang, W., Kang, L., Lu, H., et al. (2004) Normal Values for CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Chinese Adults from Shanghai. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 11, 811-813.
|
[50]
|
Chng, W., Tan, G. and Kuperan, P. (2004) Establishment of Adult Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subset Reference Range for an Asian Population by Single-Platform Flow Cytometry: Influence of Age, Sex, and Eace and Comparison with Other Published Studies. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 11, 168-173.
|
[51]
|
Idigbe, E.O., Audu, R.A., Iroha, E.O., et al. (2010) T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Apparently Healthy Nigerian Children. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2010, Article ID: 474380. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/474380
|
[52]
|
Globerson, A. (1997) Thymocytopoiesis in Aging: The Bone Marrow-Thymus Axis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 24, 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(96)00747-9
|
[53]
|
Badenhorst, C.J., Fourie, J., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Lombard, C.J., Bourne, L. and Slazus, W. (1995) The Haematological Profile of Urban Black Africans Aged 15 - 64 Years in the Cape Peninsula. East African Medical Journal, 72, 19-24.
|
[54]
|
Messele, T., Abdulkadir, M., Fontanet, A.L., Petros, B., Hamann, D., Koot, M., Roos, M.T., Schellekens, P.T., Miedema, F. and Rinke de Wit, T.F. (1999) Reduced Naive and Increased Activated CD4 and CD8 Cells in Healthy Adult Ethiopians Compared with Their Dutch Counterparts. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 115, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00815.x
|
[55]
|
Shahabuddin, S. (1995) Quantitative Differences in CD8+ Lym-phocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio, NK-Cells, and HLA-DR+-Activated T Cells of Racially Different Male Populations. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 75, 168-170. https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1995.1067
|