Accounting Systems for Records Keeping Practices for Small Enterprise Development in Makueni County, Kenya ()
1. Introduction
Enterprise developments are critical for economic development globally as they catalyze a range of multiplier effects on the economic activities of countries [1] . Primarily small enterprises are accepted worldwide as strategies for accelerating economic development, poverty reduction and creating employment [2] . Small enterprise development contributes slightly over 55 percent of the national gross domestic product (GDP) and over 65 percent of total employment among the high income countries [1] . Enterprises thrive in economies where the government policy-makers put in place policies that support business growth. The developed world continues to offer the African continent the lessons on prudent management of small enterprises to foster wealth and employment creation. The policy documents and economic strategies by most African government ministries and departments mandated to oversee enterprise development continue to emphasize on enterprise development [3] .
In developing countries, most of the enterprise development initiatives are aimed at realizing development through enterprise programmes that enhance demand and supply of goods and services in an economy [4] . In the African Continent, small enterprise development contributes to national economic planning and development. Most of the African states notably Senegal and South Africa have taken measures to facilitate the creation of innovative and vibrant enterprises. In Kenya, small enterprises have a major role in poverty reduction, economic development and have acted as pillars of a vibrant private sector [5] . The International Labour Organization (ILO) observes that women make up to 40 percent of owner-managers and nearly half of all small enterprise owners [6] . The small enterprises sector creates employment to an estimated 80 percent of the workforce population and 18 percent of the gross domestic product [7] . Kenya’s government vision 2030 is anchored on an ambitious economic development through economic, social and political pillars. The economic pillar objective is to generate more resources to reinvigorate the economy through an average GDP growth rate of 10 percent per annum. Small enterprises are taunted to influence this growth and several initiatives have been put in place such as Youth Fund and Women Enterprise Development Fund [8] .
Small enterprises need quality information to make investment decisions, evaluate performance and for planning purposes. Accounting practices improve effectiveness of the enterprise operations and owner managers need to adopt use of accounting systems; which include systems primarily concerned with recording financial events to provide a basis for preparing financial reports. Information collection and maintenance with appropriate accounting systems for small enterprises means there is available information summarized as demanded by stakeholders and external users for business decision making process [9] .
2. Small Enterprises Development
There is no single and uniformly agreed definition of small enterprises as it varies from country to country [10] [11] [12] . Small enterprises continue to influence the economic development and employment creation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [13] . Some of the challenges faced by small enterprises in SSA are lack of clear government policies, scanty data on their contribution to the GDP and absence of accounting systems for records maintenance [10] . The contributions of the small enterprises to world economies cannot be understated. In Korea, they contributed 50.0 percent of the country’s GDP, 55.3 percent in Germany, 57.0 percent in China and 47.0 percent in Malaysia in the year 2007 [14] .
According to [15] , small enterprises support functional and competitive markets as agents of income distribution, industrial expansion and poverty reduction. The owner manager’s failure to plan, manage and control the business activities has contributed to the low sustainability of these enterprises [16] [17] . Their performance is depressed by violation of good and sound accounting practices. Accounting professionals should be more involved in small enterprises to assist in prudent accounting processes [2] . A study by [15] found that small enterprises development increased wealth generation, jobs creation and improved economic and social conditions of a nation. Formal and informal small enterprises contributed more than 18.4 percent of Kenya’s GDP with most comprising of retail, mining and quarry, agriculture, manufacturing, service/finance and other sub-sectors of the economy [18] . Small enterprises that thrive past their start-up phase and expand are faced with challenges of financial management, securing cash flows and ability to generate information for planning purposes [19] . Skills gap, access to finance and lack of infrastructure tend to compound the challenges. A similar observation by [20] is that enterprise development obstacles include government policies, poor accounting systems, and informal accounting procedures.
Accounting Systems
A study by [21] on factors that affect adoption of accounting systems in Mauritius adopted a survey method on financial practices of small enterprises in manufacturing. The study found that enterprises that applied accounting practices kept minimum records and produced formal accounts. Financial management systems were used by enterprises in Malaysia even though most owner-managers did not have the requisite qualities of accounting [22] . The importance of management accounting information in Australia is that management accounting is multidisciplinary in nature [23] . Management of accounting research in small enterprises continues to be neglected [24] . A suggestion by [25] is that small enterprises should adopt and apply accounting systems to meet their information and reporting needs. Enterprises face challenges in utilizing accounting systems as it is perceived to be time consuming, difficult to maintain, requires technical knowledge and exposes the enterprise to the taxman. Challenges are not limited to cash flows, application of the right set of skills, use of an effective accounting system and lack of information on the true health of the business.
Small enterprises daily operations face obstacles that impede their development to sustainable levels. The small enterprises in Ghana faced obstacles in their daily operations from availability of the necessary business skills, cash flows, lack of technology and poor record keeping [13] . There is a lack of guidance on the criterion on selection of accounting systems applicable in small enterprises. Though accounting systems are old in history, their influence on enterprise development in Makueni County, Kenya appears to be minimal or none documented. This information gap led to this study based on selected small enterprises to explore the contribution of accounting systems on enterprise development and the manager’s perceptions of accounting systems. The study considered the type of records kept; challenges faced in record keeping and tested the hypothesis that there is no significant influence of accounting systems on small enterprise development in selected small enterprises in Makueni County in Kenya.
3. Methodology
The descriptive and cross-sectional research designs were used to capture the situation among the entrepreneurs accounting systems. Sampling is stratified and systematic selected based on the sector of the economy they operate in. The study considered 2000 small enterprises that were registered by Micro and Small Enterprises Authority chapter of Makueni County and operated in the County. The stratification was based on the economic activity of the enterprises; manufacturing, servicing/financial, merchandising and retail, mining and quarrying, agriculture and others. The study concentrated on the key trade corridors in the county where 250 of the enterprises were sampled. The primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The questionnaire had three sections on; profile of the respondent, the profile of the enterprise and a section on accounting systems and enterprise development. The questionnaires were administered to the owner managers by the researcher to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data had a five likert scale of 1 to 5; where 1 = not at all, 2 = slight extent, 3 = moderate extent, 4 = great extent, and 5 = very great extent. Pilot testing was carried out to improve on the data collection instrument. The questionnaires response rate of 91.2 percent was found to be adequate for data analysis. Statistical analysis was based on SPSS version 22.
4. Results and Discussions
This section presents the results and discussions:
In Table 1, most of the owner managers kept manual records (mean = 3.76, SD = 1.3), usage of accounting systems to record sales (mean = 3.24, SD = 1.186), for recording purchases daily (mean = 3.42, SD = 1.179) and use of systems for recording expenses and payments (mean = 3.09, SD = 1.18). Low to medium variations in the responses had the coefficients of variation ranging
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Table 1. Descriptive statistics on accounting systems.
between 31.7 percent and 65.4 percent. The entrepreneurs disagree that there is no need to keep records indicating they valued record keeping. No enterprise felt was too small not to warrant record keeping. Most of the records kept by enterprises in Makueni County were manual which explains the high response on this issue of accounting systems. Low awareness on importance of financial management in enterprises hinders the penetration of the use of accounting systems.
Table 2 highlights the main types of records kept by enterprises where purchases records (28.2 percent), sales (28.0 percent) and expenses (23.0 percent), an indication that enterprises do not value the importance of record keeping.
In Table 3, enterprises faced challenges of records keeping where 20.4 percent cited lack of competent clerical staff, 18.3 percent lack of knowledge on record keeping and 17.8 percent had time constraints. This shows that small businesses are faced with problems in utilizing accounting systems [19] .
Table 4 summarizes the reasons for keeping records by the enterprises. Where 26.6 percent kept records for remembering the nature of financial transaction, 25.8 percent kept records for keeping track of enterprises profits, 25.8 percent
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Table 3. Major challenges in keeping records.
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Table 4. Reasons for keeping records.
for profit analysis purposes, 24.5 percent kept records to allow monitoring performance or progress of their enterprises and 14.7 percent kept records as a reference point in the growth of the enterprise. Tax and compliance were not deemed as a good reason for keeping records. Small enterprises avoided keeping records as a way of not exposing their actual financial position to the taxman and competitors.
Table 5 highlights the challenges enterprises face in assessing their growth. The main challenges being lack of market for their goods and services (14.41 percent), lack of government intervention (13.56 percent), problem of costing their products and services (11.86 percent) and lack of finance (11.02 percent). Only 0.42 percent of the entrepreneurs did not face any challenges. Most of small enterprises lack the skills, proficiency, competencies and capacity to prepare accounts for their enterprises. Governments, accounting bodies and other stakeholders can offer financial skills to the entrepreneurs to cover this gap in their day-to-day operations through well developed and coordinated accounting systems for sustainability.
The regression analysis in Table 6 indicates a high linear relationship between accounting systems and enterprise development (R = 0.9, p < 0.001). In the absence of accounting systems, enterprises would develop with 3.685 units (p < 0.001). Accounting systems explains 51.8 percent of the enterprise development with F (1, 223) = 56.011 (p < 0.001). Accounting systems are crucial in enterprise development.
5. Conclusions
The study had a limitation due to technical language barrier between the researcher and the respondents. Inability to fully comprehend the questionnaire, education level, and the amount of information that the respondents were
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Table 5. Challenges faced by enterprises in assessing their success.
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Table 6. Regression of accounting systems on enterprise development.
**Significant at 5 percent.
willing to delve to the researcher were a limitation. The government of Kenya through its revenue collecting body has been keen to loop in more people to pay taxes. The timing of the study coincided with a tax amnesty issued by the revenue authority. This was a deterrent to the entrepreneurs to answer all the questions in a concise and clear manner particularly those touching on business revenue.
Small enterprises contribute to poverty reduction, job creation, economic and human development, though they face a myriad of challenges in their day to day operations. The Makueni entrepreneurs’ main accounting systems are for recording sales, purchases, expenses and maintaining records for costing their goods and services. The major challenges faced by the entrepreneurs in keeping records were lack of competent clerical staff, knowledge on record keeping and time to organize and keep the records. Entrepreneurs were noted to keep records in order to remember, observe progress and track profit. The entrepreneurs in Makueni County preferred the manual method of record keeping which is tedious, prone to error, difficult to track fraud and slow to generate financial reports for business decision making. The solution is to computerize the financial records by introduction of the management of information systems. The four factors found to be important in accounting systems were maintaining records for costing of goods and services, recording expenses and payments, recording sales and recording purchases. Accounting systems were statistically significant in influencing enterprise development. The stakeholders which include the national government, county government and other local organizations need to support small enterprises to improve on their accounting systems. This will result in increased revenue, job creation and accurate records to assist in decision and policy formulation.
The study considered the influence of accounting systems on enterprise development. Future research should investigate the influence of accounting methods, accounting policies and information technology influence on enterprise development in Kenya.