Hamiltonian Structure, Soliton Solution and Conservation Laws for a New Fifth-Order Nonlinear Evolution Equation Which Describes Pseudo-Spherical Surfaces ()
1. Introduction
The notion of pseudo-spherical surfaces (pss) (surfaces of a constant negative curvature
) appeared in geometry in the middle of the nineteenth century. It was an important step in the development of mathematics. Pss become the final factor in the visual interpretation of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry discovered by Klingenberg [1] . The further development of mathe- matics found a close connection between pss and theory of nets, theory of solitons, attractors, some nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) of mathe- matical physics, Bäcklund transformations (BTs), and so on [2] [3] [4] [5] . The connection between geometry and the nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) has been studied in mathematical physics for more than a century. For instance, the classical Liouville equation describes minimal surfaces in the space
, and the sine Gordon equation is related to the geometry of pss, i.e., surfaces with a negative Gaussian curvature [6] [7] [8] [9] .
Conservation law plays a vital role in the study of nonlinear evolution equations, particularly with regard to integrability, linearization and constants of motion. In the present paper, it is shown that infinitely many conservation laws for certain nonlinear evolution equations are systematically constructed with symbolic computation in a simple way from the Riccati form of the Lax pair. Noting that the Lax pairs investigated here are associated with different linear systems, including the generalized Kaup-Newell (KN) spectral problem, the generalized Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) spectral problem, the gene- ralized AKNS-KN spectral problem and a recently proposed integrable system. Therefore, the power and efficiency of this systematic method are well under- stood, and we expect it may be useful for other nonlinear evolution models, even higher-order and variable-coefficient ones [10] - [15] .
Hamiltonians are of great importance in their own right and have found a remarkable number of applications in both physics and mathematics. Hamil- tonians play a central role in the field of integrable systems and also play a fund- amental role in several others areas of mathematics and physics. Hamiltonians are often referred to as the master integrable system. Hamiltonians provide as with a means of generating and classifying many integrable systems and they also give a unified geometrical framework in which to analyze them. Moreover, in the context of the inverse scattering transform, an integrable equation admits well-behaved solutions obtained via the related linear problems [16] - [22] .
The main aim of this paper is to use the BTs in the construction of exact soliton solutions for a new fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation which describes pss. An infinite number of conservation laws are derived for a new fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation just mentioned using the corre- sponding Hamiltonians.
The latter yields directly the curvature condition (Gaussian curvature equal to −1, corresponding to pseudo-spherical surfaces). This geometrical method allows some further generalizations of the work on conservation laws given by Khater et al. [23] . An infinite number of conservation laws for a new fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation are derived in this way.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the inverse scattering method and apply the geometrical method to obtain Hamiltonian structure for any nonlinear evolution equations which describe surfaces of a constant negative curvature. In Section 3, a new exact soliton solution and the corresponding Hamiltonians are obtained for a new fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation. Section 4 contains the conclusion.
2. Hamiltonian Structure
The inverse scattering transform method allows one to linearize a large class of nonlinear evolution equations and can be considered as a nonlinear version of the Fourier transform [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . An essential prerequisite of inverse scattering transform method is the association of the nonlinear evolution equation with a pair of linear problems (Lax pair), a linear eigenvalue problem, and a second associated linear problem, such that the given equation results as a compatibility condition between them [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] . Consider the following AKNS eigenvalues problem:
(1)
where
and
are two
null-trace matrices
(2)
and
is a parameter independent of x and t, while q and r are assumed to be functions of x and t. From Equations (1) and (2), we get the following scattering problem:
(3)
in which eignfunctions
and
evolve in time according to
(4)
The integrability conditions reads
(5)
or in component form
(6)
Konno and Wadati [34] introduced the function
(7)
Differentiating Equation (7) with respect to x and t, respectively, and using Equations (3), (4) and (7), then Equation (1) are reduced to the Riccati equ- ations:
(8)
Now we construct a transformation
satisfies the potential and then de- duce a BTs for the considered nonlinear evolution equation
(9)
where
is the old solution and
is a new solution corresponding non- linear evolution equation. In order to determine conserved densities and fluxes, we can written Equation (8) in the form
(10)
Adding
to both sides and using Equation (6), then Equation (10) takes the form of conservation laws
(11)
where
are conserved densities and
are fluxes.
From Equation (3), I obtain
(12)
then
(13)
By rearranged the first equation of Equation (8) to take the form
(14)
then, I can expand
into a power series in inverse power of
as follows [28]
(15)
By the same way, I expand
into a power series in inverse power of
so that
(16)
where
and
are Hamiltonians (conserved quantities), by substituting (15) into (14), the following system of conservation laws appears
(17)
Now equate powers of
on both sides of this expression to produce the set of recursions,
(18)
Then, by equate powers of
on both sides of Equations (13), (15) and (16), we obtain the infinite number of Hamiltonians may explicitly be determined in terms of smooth real functions
and their derivatives, as follows
Hamiltonians in general form
(19)
The explicit expressions of the first few order Hamiltonians are
The procedure is clarified in the following example.
3. Soliton Solution and an Infinite Number of Conserved Quantities for a New Fifth-Order Nonlinear Evolution Equation
Now we consider a new fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation
(20)
for
which describes a pss. There exist functions
,
,
which depend on
and its derivatives such that, for any solution u of the evolution equation,
satisfy (5). For Equation (20) we con- sider the functions defined by [33]
(21)
For any solution
of a new fifth-order evolution Equation (20), the matrices
and
are
(22)
(23)
where
and
defined by (21). The above matrices
satisfy the Equation (5). Then the first equation of (8) becomes
(24)
If we choose
and
as
(25)
(26)
then
and
satisfies Equation (24).
Now we shall choose some known solutions of the above a new fifth-order evolution equation and substitute these solutions into the corresponding matrices
and
. Next, we solve Equations (3) for
and
. Then, by (9) and the corresponding BT we shall obtain the new solutions for a new fifth- order evolution equation. I choose the known solution is a constant
, then substitute
into the matrices
and
in (22) and (23), then by (1) we have
(27)
where
(28)
(29)
The solution of Equation (27) is
(30)
where
is a constant column vector. The solution (30) takes the following form:
(31)
Now, we choose
in (31) and use (7) and the BT (26); we obtain
the new solution class of the new fifth-order evolution Equation (20) corre- sponding to the known constant solution
as follows
(32)
where
. If we choose
in (31), we will obtain
another solution. Obviously all of these solutions are traveling waves with
velocity
.
From Equations (19) and (22) the first few order Hamiltonians are deter- mined by the relation
(33)
From the solution
of a new fifth-order evolution equation. This Hamiltonians (conserved quantities) given by the relation
(34)
4. Conclusion
We may hope to find the relationship between the conserved quantities and pss. The conserved quantities play a central role in the field of integrable systems and also play a fundamental role in several other areas of mathematics and physics [35] . In addition, the conserved quantities are a rich source of integrable systems suggested by the fact that they are the compatibility condition of an associated linear problem which admits enormous freedom if one allows the associated gauge algebra to be arbitrary [36] .
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for these helpful comments. The author thinks that revising the paper according to its suggestions will be quite straightforward.