Paper-Based Affect Misattribution Procedure for Implicit Measurement

Kazuo Mori^1*, Akitoshi Uchida²

¹Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
²Sairyo Junior High School, Nagano, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.612149                

Abstract

The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) (Payne et al., 2005) can measure implicit attitudes based on a conceptually different procedure from the Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald et al., 1998). We aim to improve the administrative advantage of the AMP by converting it into a paper-based performance test so that it can collect massive data easily without using a computer for each examinee. We conduct three Paper-based AMP experiments to achieve the typical AMP results with large effect sizes (Study 1), obtain sufficient reliability by the test-retest method (Study 2), and find a similar phenomenon of the disappearance of misattribution when participants evaluate the primes consciously prior to the target evaluation (Study 3).

Keywords

Japanese Undergraduates, Junior High School Students, Paper-and-Pencil Tests, Test-Retest Reliability

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2014). A Comparative Investigation of Seven Indirect Attitude Measures. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 668-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6
[2]	Blaison, C., Imhoff, R., Hühnel, I., Hess, U., & Banse, R. (2012). The Affect Misattribution Procedure: Hot or Not? Emotion, 12, 403-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026907
[3]	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[4]	De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit Measures: A Normative Analysis and Review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 347-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014211
[5]	Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in Automatic Activation as an Unobtrusive Measure of Racial Attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
[6]	Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
[7]	Lemm, K. M., Lane, K. A., Sattler, D. N., Khan, S. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Assessing Implicit Cognitions with a Paper-Format Implicit Association Test. In M. A. Morrison, & T. G. Morrison (Eds.), The Psychology of Modern Prejudice (pp. 121-146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
[8]	Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social Influence Effects on Automatic Racial Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.842
[9]	Mori, H., & Mori, K. (2013). An Implicit Assessment of the Effect of Artificial Cheek Raising: When Your Face Smiles the World Looks Nicer. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116, 466-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/24.50.PMS.116.2.466-471
[10]	Mori, K., & Mori, H. (2010). Examination of the Passive Facial Feedback Hypothesis Using an Implicit Measure: With a Furrowed Brow, Neutral Objects with Pleasant Primes Look less Appealing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111, 785-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.07.24.PMS.111.6.785-789
[11]	Mori, K., Uchida, A., & Imada, R. (2008). A Paper-Format Group Performance Test for Measuring the Implicit Association of Target Concepts. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 545-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.2.546
[12]	Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, Cognition, and Awareness: Affective Priming with Optimal and Suboptimal Stimulus Exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723
[13]	Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior (pp. 265-292). New York: Psychology Press.
[14]	Oikawa, M., Aarts, H., & Oikawa, H. (2011). There Is a Fire Burning in My Heart: The Role of Emotional Expression in Affective Priming Effects. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 156-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931003680061
[15]	Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An Inkblot for Attitude: Affect Misattribution as Implicit Measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
[16]	Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., Rawlins, M., & Jeyaram, S. (2003). Demonstrations of Implicit Anti-Fat Bias: The Impact of Providing Causal Information and Evoking Empathy. Health Psychology, 22, 68-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.1.68
[17]	Vargas, P. T., Sekaquaptewa, D., & von Hippel, W. (2007). Armed Only with Paper and Pencil: “Low-Tech” Measures of Implicit Attitudes. In B. Wittenbrink, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit Measures of Attitudes (pp. 123-124). New York: Guilford Press.
[18]	Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for Racial Prejudice at the Implicit Level and Its Relationship with Questionnaire Measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262