Application of Hyperbola Function Method to the Family of Third Order Korteweg-de Vries Equations

Abstract

In this work, we apply a hyperbola function method to solve the nonlinear family of third order Korteweg-de Vries equations. Exact travelling wave solutions are obtained and expressed in terms of hyperbolic functions and trigonometric functions. The method used is a promising method to solve other nonlinear evaluation equations.

Share and Cite:

Wazzan, L. (2015) Application of Hyperbola Function Method to the Family of Third Order Korteweg-de Vries Equations. Applied Mathematics, 6, 1241-1249. doi: 10.4236/am.2015.68117.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) have a significant role in several scientific and engineering fields. Since the discovery of soliton in 1965 by Zabusky and Kruskal [1] , many NLPDEs have been derived and extensively applied in different branches of physics and applied mathematics. These equations appear in con- densed matter, solid state physics, fluid mechanics, chemical kinetics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics, propagation of fluxions in Josephson junctions, theory of turbulence, ocean dynamics, biophysics and star formation and many others. In order to understand the different nonlinear phenomena, various methods for obtaining exact solutions to NLPDEs have been proposed. Among these are the inverse scattering method [2] , Hirota’s method [3] , Backlund transformation [4] , F-expansion method [5] , homogeneous balance method [6] , tanh-function method [7] , Jacobi elliptic function method [8] , and many others.

In this project, we consider the nonlinear family of third order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations in [9] of the form

(1)

where is a function of space x and time t. The nonlinear term takes the forms

(2)

For, Equation (1) becomes the standard KdV equation. When, Equation (1) is called the modified KdV (mKdV) equation [10] . For, Equation (1) is called the generalized KdV (gKdV) equation [11] . If , then Equation (1) is called potential KdV equation. When, we get the generalized KdV equation with two power nonlinearities [12] . The KdV equation is used to model the disturbance of the surface of shallow water in the presence of solitary waves. It is a generic model for the study of weakly nonlinear long waves, incorporating leading order nonlinearity and dispersion [13] . The mKdV equation appears in electric circuits and multi-component plasmas [14] . The generalized KdV equation serves as an approximate model for the description of week dispersive effects on the propagation of nonlinear waves characteristic direction [14] . The nonlinear family of third order Korteweg-de Vries equation and other related equations were solved by many methods. For single soliton solutions, the tanh-function method [15] , the tanh- coth method [16] , the modified tanh-coth method [17] -[20] , the sine-cosine method [21] , the inverse scattering method [22] , were used. For the concept of multiple solitons solutions, the Hirota bilinear formalism [23] and a simplified version of this method [24] were used. Our intention in this work is to find new solitary-wave solutions for the nonlinear family of third order Korteeweg-de Vries. Since there is no unified method that can be used to handle all types of nonlinear problems, we will use a hyperbola function method [25] .

2. Hyperbola Function Method

We describe this method, for a given nonlinear partial differential equation, say, in two variables,

(3)

Let then Equation (3) reduces to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE)

(4)

We suppose that the solution of the ODE (4) is of the form

(5)

where the coefficients are constants to be determined and satisfies a nonlinear ordinary differential equation

(6)

Note that, in (6) implies

(7)

and gives

(8)

The parameter m will be found by balancing the highest-order nonlinear terms with the highest-order partial derivative term in the given equation and then give the formal solution. Substituting the formal solution (5) and transformation (6) into the ordinary differential equation (4) and the change it into hyperbolic polynomial iden- tities for the intermediate variable. Collect all terms with the same power in and setting

the coefficients of the each order of , or

to zero, we obtain a set of nonlinear algebraic equations for. With the aid of the computer program Maple we can solve the set of nonlinear algebraic equations and obtain all the constants. Finally we obtain the traveling wave solutions of the given nonlinear differential equation.

2.1. Applications of the Hyperbola Function Method

2.1.1. The KdV Equation

(9)

Here we choose in (1). Substituting, into Equation (9) and integrating once yields

(10)

Balancing the order of the nonlinear term with the highest derivative gives that gives. Thus, the solution of (10) has the form

(11)

Substituting (11) in (10) and using, collecting the coefficients of each power of

setting each coefficient to zero, and solving the resulting system obtain the following sets of solutions

For using (8), (11) and the above sets of solutions we get

For

are new solutions.

2.1.2. The mKdV Equation

(12)

Here we choose in (1). Substituting into Equation (12) and in- tegrating once yields

(13)

Balancing the order of the nonlinear term with the highest derivative gives that gives Thus, the solution of (13) has the form

(14)

Substituting (14) in (13) and using, collecting the coefficients of each power of

setting each coefficient to zero, and solving the resulting system obtain the following sets of solutions

For using (8), (14) and the above sets of solutions we get

For

For

are new solutions.

2.1.3. The pKdV Equation

(15)

Here we choose in (1). Substituting into Equation (15) we get

(16)

Balancing the order of the nonlinear term with the highest derivative gives that gives Thus, the solution of (16) has the form

(17)

Substituting (17) in (16) and using, collecting the coefficients of each power of

setting each coefficient to zero, and solving the resulting system obtain the following sets of solutions

For using (8), (17) and the above sets of solutions we get

For

and are new solutions.

2.1.4. The gKdV Equation

(18)

Here we choose in (1). Substituting into Equation (18) and integrating once yields

(19)

Balancing the order of the nonlinear term with the highest derivative gives that

gives m should be integer, then we use the transformation

(20)

Substituting (20) in (19) we get

(21)

Balancing the order of with gives that gives Thus, the solution of (21) has the form

(22)

Substituting (22) in (21) and using, collecting the coefficients of each power of

setting each coefficient to zero, and solving the resulting system obtain the following sets of solutions

For using (7), (22) and the above sets of solutions we get

For

and are new solutions.

3. Conclusion

In this article, the hyperbola function method has been successfully implemented to find new traveling wave solutions for the nonlinear family of third order Korteweg-de Vries. The results show that this method is a powerful Mathematical tool for obtaining exact solutions for the nonlinear family of third KdV. It is also a promising method to solve other nonlinear partial differential equations.

Acknowledgements

This project was founded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdualaziz University, Jeddah, under grant No. (429/091-3). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR technical and financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Zabusky, N.J. and Kruskal, M.D. (1965) Interaction of “Solitons” in a Collisionless Plasma and the Recurrence of Initial States. Physical Review Letters, 15, 240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.240
[2] Ablowitz, M.J. and Clarkson, P.A. (1992) Solitons, Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Inverse Scattering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[3] Hirota, R. (1973) Exact N-Soliton Solutions of the Wave Equation of Long Waves in Shallow-Water and in Nonlinear Lattices. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 14, 810.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1666400
[4] Wadati, M. (1975) Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Lattice. II. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 38, 681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.38.681
[5] Wang, M. and Li, X. (2005) Extended F-Expansion Method and Periodic Wave Solutions for the Generalized Zakharov Equations. Physics Letters A, 343, 48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.05.085
[6] Fan, F. (2000) Two New Applications of the Homogeneous Balance Method. Physics Letters A, 265, 353.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00010-4
[7] Lan, H. and Wang, K. (1990) Exact Solutions for Two Nonlinear Equations I. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 23, 3923.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/23/17/021
[8] Yan, Z. (2003) Symbolic Computation and Weierstrass Elliptic Function Solution of The Davey—Stewartson (DS) System. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 14, 1127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0129183103005224
[9] Korteweg, D.J. and de Vries, G. (1895) On the Change of Form of Long Waves Advancing in a Rectangular Canal and on a New Type of Long Stationary Waves. Philosophical Magazine, 36, 422-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786449508620739
[10] Schamel, H. (1973) A Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation for Ion Acoustic Wavess Due to Resonant Electrons. Journal of Plasma Physics, 9, 377-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002237780000756X
[11] Drazin, P.G. and Johnson, R.S. (1996) Solitons: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[12] Whitham, G.B. (1999) Linear and Nonlinear Waves. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118032954
[13] Marchant, T.R. and Smyth, N.F. (1996) Soliton Interaction for the Extended Korteweg-De Vries Equation. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, 56, 157-176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/56.2.157
[14] Wazwaz, A.-M. (2008) Chapter 9: The KdV Equation. In: Dafermos, C.M. and Pokorny, M., Eds., Handbook of Differential Equations: Evolutionary Equations, Volume 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 485-568.
[15] Malfliet, W. (1992) Solitary Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Wave Equations. American Journal of Physics, 60, 650-654.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17120
[16] Wazwaz, A.M. (2007) The Extended Tanh Method for New Solitons Solutions for Many Forms of the Fifth-Order KdV Equations. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 184, 1002-1014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2006.07.002
[17] El-Wakil, S.A., El-labany, S.K., Zahran, M.A. and Sabry, R. (2005) Modified Extended Tanh-Function Method and Its Applications to Nonlinear Equations. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 161, 403-412.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2003.12.035
[18] El-Wakil, S.A., El-labany, S.K., Zahran, M.A. and Sabry, R. (2002) Modified Extended Tanh-Function Method for Solving Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. Physics Letters A, 299, 179-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(02)00669-2
[19] Wazzan, L. (2009) A Modified Tanh—Coth Method for Solving the KdV and the KdV—Burgers’ Equations. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14, 443-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.06.011
[20] Wazzan, L. (2009) A Modified Tanh—Coth Method for Solving the General Burgers—Fisher and the Kuramoto— Sivashinsky Equations. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14, 2642-2652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.08.004
[21] Wazwaz, A.M. (2002) Partial Differential Equations: Methods and Applications. Balkema Publishers, Leiden.
[22] Ablowitz, M.J. and Clarkson, P.A. (1991) Solitons, Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Inverse Scattering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623998
[23] Hirota, R. (2004) The Direct Method in Soliton Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543043
[24] Hereman, W. and Zhuang, W. (1980) Symbolic Software for Soliton Theory. Acta Applicandae Mathematica, 39, 361-378.
[25] Bai, C.-L. (2001) Exact Solutions for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation: A New Approach. Physics Letters A, 288, 191-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(01)00522-9

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.