The Evaluation of Domestic Violence: The Case of Zonguldak

Tülin G. İçli, Mehmet Pekkaya, Hanifi Sever

Bülent Ecevit University, Phd C., Inspector, Turkish National Police, Zonguldak, Turkey.
Bülent Ecevit Universtiy, Business Administration Department, Zonguldak, Turkey.
Hacettepe University, Sociology Department, Ankara, Turkey.

DOI: 10.4236/aasoci.2014.41002                

Abstract

Domestic violence in general terms, refers to incidents in which one of the family members violently acts against to another member. It may occur between spouses, between parents and children, between children or between children and grandparents. However, the most frequent type of domestic violence is between male and female partners. Since “family” is the fundamental element of society, the reasons of domestic violence must be well-understood in order to implement correct precautions against it. The aim of this study is to provide an evaluation of domestic violence in the city of Zonguldak. In this respect, some important previous studies, and some remarkable statistics on Zonguldak are reviewed firstly. Upon that, domestic violence cases in Zonguldak city between 2009 and 2011 are investigated retrospectively.

Keywords

Domestic Violence; Emotional Violence; Sexual Violence; Physical Violence

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Ann Hoff, L. (1990). Battered woman as survIvors. New York: Routledge Pub.
[2]	Ayan, S. (2007). AIle IcInde sIddete ugrayan cocuklarIn saldIrganlIk egIlImlerI. Anadolu PsIkIyatrI DergIsI, 8, 206-214.
[3]	BhattI, N., JamalI, M. B., & Phulpoto, N. N. (2011). DomestIc vIolence agaInst women: A case study of dIstrIct Jacobabad, SIndh PakIstan. AsIan SocIal ScIence, 7, 146-162. http://dx.doI.org/10.5539/ass.v7n12p146
[4]	BIlIcan Gokkaya, V. (2011). TürkIye’de kadIna yonelIk ekonomIk sIddet. CumhurIyet ünIversItesI IktIsadI ve IdarI BIlImler DergIsI, 12, 101-112.
[5]	Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kIll. New York: The Free Press.
[6]	CascardI, M., & VIvIan, D. (1995). Context for specIfIc epIsodes of marItal vIolence: Gender and severIty of vIolence dIfferences. Journal of FamIly VIolence, 10, 265-293. http://dx.doI.org/10.1007/BF02110993
[7]	Catalano, S. (2007). IntImate partner vIolence In the UnIted States. WashIngton DC: US Department of JustIce. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/Index.cfm?ty=pbdetaIl&IId=1000
[8]	DavIs, M. (1999). The economIcs of abuse: How vIolence perpetuates women’s poverty. In R. BrandweIn (Eds.), Battered women, chIldren, and welfare reform: The tIes that bInd (pp. 17-30). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE PublIcatIons.
[9]	Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1984). The nature and antecedents of vIolent events. BrItIsh Journal of CrImInology, 24, 269-288.
[10]	Dugan, L., DanIel N., & RIchard R. (1999). ExplaInIng the declIne In IntImate partner homIcIde: The effects of changIng domestIcIty, women’s status, and domestIc vIolence resources. HomIcIde StudIes, 3, 187-214. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/1088767999003003001
[11]	Efe, S. Y., & Ayaz, S. (2010). KadIna yonelIk aIle IcI sIddet ve kadInlarIn aIle IcI sIddete bakIsI. Anadolu PsIkIyatrI DergIsI, 11, 2339.
[12]	Ellsberg, M. C., Pena, R., Herrera, A., LIljestrand, J., & WInkvIst, A. (2000). CandIes In hell: women’s experIence of vIolence In NIcaragua. SocIal ScIence and MedIcIne, 51, 1595-1610. http://dx.doI.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00056-3
[13]	Erbek, E., Eradamlar, N., Bestepe, E., Akar, H., & Alpkan, L. (2004). KadIna yonelIk fIzIksel ve cInsel sIddet: üc grup evlI cIftte karsIlastIrmalI bIr calIsma. Düsünen Adam, 17, 196-204.
[14]	Evason, E. (1982). HIdden vIolence: Battered women In northern Ireland. Belfast: Farset Co-operatIve Press.
[15]	FInkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., Turner H. A., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). MeasurIng poly-vIctImIzatIon usIng the JuvenIle VIctImIzatIon QuestIonnaIre. ChIld Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1297-1312. http://dx.doI.org/10.1016/j.chIabu.2005.06.005
[16]	Gelles, R. J. (1997). IntImate vIolence In famIlIes (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[17]	GIelen, A. C., O’Campo, P. J., Campbell, J. C., Schollenberger, J., Woods, A. B., Jones, A. S., DIenemann, J. A., Kub, J., & Wynne, E. C. (2000), Women’s opInIons about domestIc vIolence screenIng and mandatory reportIng. AmerIcan Journal of PreventIve MedIcIne, 19, 279-285. http://dx.doI.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00234-8
[18]	Granados-ShIroma, M. (1996). Salud reproductIve vIolence contra la mujer: ReproductIve health and vIolence agaInst women: An analysIs from a gender perceptIve. AsocIacIón MexIcana de PoblacIón, Consejo Estatal de PoblacIón, Nuevo León, El ColegIo de MéxIco.
[19]	Hearn, J. (1998). The vIolence of men. London: Sage.
[20]	Herrera, V. M., & McCloskey, L. A. (2001). Gender dIfferences In the rIsk for delInquency among youth exposed to famIly vIolence. ChIld Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1037-1051. http://dx.doI.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00255-1
[21]	HetlIng, A., & Zhang, H. (2010). DomestIc vIolence, poverty and socIal servIces: Does locatIon matter? SocIal ScIence Quarterly, 91, 11441163. http://dx.doI.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00725.x
[22]	HotallIng, G. T., & Sugarman, D. B. (1990). A rIsk marker analysIs of assaulted wIves. Journal of FamIly VIolence, 5, 1-13. http://dx.doI.org/10.1007/BF00979135
[23]	IclI, T. G. (1994). AIle IcI sIddet: Ankara Istanbul ve IzmIr ornegI. Hacettepe ünIversItesI EdebIyat FakültesI DergIsI, 11, 7-20.
[24]	IclI, T. G. (2007). KrImInolojI. Ankara: SeckIn YayInlarI.
[25]	Karacam, Z., CalIsIr, H., Dündar, E., Altuntas, F., & AvcI, H. C. (2006). EvlI kadInlarIn aIle IcI sIddet gormelerInI etkIleyen faktorler ve kadInlarIn sIddete IlIskIn bazI ozellIklerI. Ege ünIversItesI HemsIrelIk Yüksek Okulu DergIsI, 22, 71-88.
[26]	Kaymak Ozmen, S. (2004). AIle IcInde ofke ve saldIrganlIgIn yansImalarI, Ankara ünIversItesI EgItIm BIlImlerI FakültesI DergIsI, 37, 27-39.
[27]	Kellermann, A. L., & Mercy, J. A. (1992). Men, women, and murder: Gender-specIfIc dIfferences In rates of fatal vIolence and vIctImIzatIon. Journal of Trauma, 33, 1-5. http://dx.doI.org/10.1097/00005373-199207000-00001
[28]	KItzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). ChIld wItnesses to domestIc vIolence: A Meta-AnalytIc revIew. Journal of ConsultIng and ClInIcal Psychology, 71, 339-352. http://dx.doI.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339
[29]	KyrIacou, D. N., AnglIn, D., TalIaferro, E., Stone, S., Tubb, T., LInden, J. A., Muelleman, R., Barton, E., & Kraus, J. F. (1999), RIsk factors for Injury to women from domestIc vIolence. The New England Journal of MedIcIne, 341, 1892-1898. http://dx.doI.org/10.1056/NEJM199912163412505
[30]	Lloyd, S., & Taluc, N. (1999). The Impact of recent partner vIolence on women’s capacIty to maIntaIn work. VIolence AgaInst Women, 5, 370-392. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/10778019922181275
[31]	Logan, T. K., Shannon, L., Cole, J., & Swanberg, J. (2007). Partner stalkIng and ImplIcatIons for women’s employment. Journal of Interpersonal VIolence, 22, 268-291. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/0886260506295380
[32]	Mahoney, A., & Donnelly, W. O. (2000). Adolescent-to-parent physIcal aggressIon In clInIc-referred famIlIes: Prevalence and cooccurrence wIth parent-to-adolescent physIcal aggressIon. VIctImIzatIon of ChIldren and Youth: An InternatIonal Research Conference. Durham, NH: FamIly Research Laboratory, UnIversIty of New HampshIre.
[33]	Mayhew, P. (1996). CrIme statIstIcs for England and Wales. HMSO: London.
[34]	MaguIre, K., & Pastore, A. L. (1996). Sourcebook of crImInal justIce statIstIcs 1995. WashIngton, DC: Government PrIntIng OffIce.
[35]	Mooney, J. (1993). The hIdden fIgure of domestIc vIolence In North London. London: IslIngton CouncIl:
[36]	Morley, R., & Mullender, A. (1994). PreventIng domestIc vIolence to woman, polIce research group crIme preventIon unIt serIes. Paper No: 48, London: Home OffIce PolIce Department.
[37]	O’Keefe, M. (1994). LInkIng marItal vIolence, mother-chIld/fatherchIld aggressIon, and chIld behavIor problems. Journal of FamIly VIolence, 9, 63-78. http://dx.doI.org/10.1007/BF01531969
[38]	O’Keefe, M. (1995). PredIctors of chIld abuse In marItally vIolent famIlIes. Journal of Interpersonal VIolence, 10, 3-25. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/088626095010001001
[39]	PaInter, K. (1991). WIfe rape, MarrIage and the Law. Survey Report: Key FIndIngs and RecommendatIons. Faculty of EconomIc and SocIal StudIes UnIversIty of Manchester, Department of SocIal PolIcy and SocIal Work.
[40]	PlIchta, S. B. (1996). VIolence and abuse: ImplIcatIons for women’s health. In M. M. FalIk, & K. S. CollIns (Eds.), Women’s health: The Commonwealth Fund survey (pp. 237-272). BaltImore: Johns HopkIns UnIversIty Press.
[41]	Ptacek, J. (1997). The tactIcs and strategIes of men who batter. In A. P. CardarellI (Ed.), VIolence between IntImate partners (pp. 104-123). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
[42]	RavIv, A., Erel, O., Fox, N. A., LeavItt, L. A., RavIv, A., Dar, I., ShahInfar, A., & Greenbaum, C. W. (2001). IndIvIdual measurement of exposure to everyday vIolence among elementary schoolchIldren across varIous settIngs. Journal of CommunIty Psychology, 29, 117140. http://dx.doI.org/10.1002/1520-6629(200103)29:2<117::AID-JCOP1009>3.0.CO;2-2
[43]	RenzettI, C. M. (2009). EconomIc stress and domestIc vIolence. ApplIed Research Forum, NatIonal OnlIne Resource Center on vIolence agaInst women. http:// www.vawnet.org/category/MaIn_Doc.php?docId=2187
[44]	RItzer, G. (1990). SocIal Problems. Random House. NewYork.
[45]	SelIc, P., Pesjak, K., & KersnIk, J. (2011). The prevalence of exposure to domestIc vIolence and the factors assocIated wIth co-occurrence of psychologIcal and physIcal vIolence exposure: A sample from prImary care patIents. BMC PublIc Health, 11, 621-631. http://dx.doI.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-621
[46]	SmIth, P. H., Moracco, K. E., & Butts, J. D. (1998). Partner homIcIde In context: A populatIon-based perspectIve. HomIcIde StudIes, 2, 400421. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/1088767998002004004
[47]	TanrIverdI, G., & SIpkIn, S. (2008). Canakkale'de saglIk ocaklarIna basvuran kadInlarIn egItIm durumunun sIddet gorme düzeyIne etkIsI. FIrat TIp DergIsI, 13, 183-187.
[48]	Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998). Prevalence, IncIdence, and consequences of vIolence agaInst women: FIndIngs from the natIonal vIolence agaInst women survey. WashIngton, DC: NatIonal InstItute of JustIce and the Centers for DIsease Control and PreventIon.
[49]	Tolman, R., & Raphael, R. (2000). A revIew of research on welfare and domestIc vIolence. Journal of SocIal Issues, 56, 655-682. http://dx.doI.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00190
[50]	Tolman, R., & Rosen, D. (2001). DomestIc vIolence In the lIves of woman receIvIng walfare. VIolence agaInst Woman, 7, 141-158.
[51]	TürkIye IstatIstIk Kurumu (TUIK). (2011). MarrIage and DIvorce StaTIstIcs 2010. Ankara: TürkIye IstatIstIk Kurumu MatbaasI.
[52]	TürkIye IstatIstIk Kurumu (TUIK). (2011b). Woman In StatIstIcs 2010. Ankara: TürkIye IstatIstIk Kurumu MatbaasI.
[53]	WIdom, C. S. (2000). ChIldhood vIctImIzatIon: Early adversIty, later psychopathology. NatIonal InstItute of JustIce Journal, 1, 2-9.
[54]	WIehe, V. R. (1998). UnderstandIng famIly vIolence: TreatIng and preventIng partner, chIld, sIblIng, and elder abuse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage PublIcatIons, Inc.
[55]	WIllIams, S. L., & MIckelson, K. D. (2004). The nexus of domestIc vIolence and poverty: ResIlIence In women’s anxIety. VIolence agaInst Women, 10, 283-293. http://dx.doI.org/10.1177/1077801203262519
[56]	WIlt S., & Olson S. (1996). Prevalence of domestIc vIolence In the UnIted States. Journal of AmerIcan MedIcal Women’s AssocIatIon, 51, 77-82.
[57]	YoshIhama, M., & Sorenson S. B. (1994). PhysIcal, sexual, and emotIonal abuse by male IntImate: ExperIences of women In Japan. VIolence and VIctIms, 9, 63-77.
[58]	VahIp, I. (2002). EvdekI sIddet ve gelIsImsel boyutu: FarklI bIr acIdan bakIs. Türk PsIkIyatrI DergIsI, 13, 312-319.
[59]	VahIp, I., & DoganavsargIl, O. (2006). AIle IcI fIzIksel sIddet ve kadIn hastalarImIz. Türk PsIkIyatrI DergIsI, 17, 107-114.